1、Designation: F 716 07Standard Test Methods forSorbent Performance of Absorbents1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 716; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the development of laboratorytest data which describe the performance of absorbent materi-als used to remove oils and other
3、compatible fluids from water.1.2 This standard should be used to measure and describethe properties of materials, products, or assemblies in responseto heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions andshould not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard orfire risk of materials, produc
4、ts, or assemblies under actual fireconditions. However, results of this test may be used aselements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account allof the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the firehazard of a particular end use. (For a specific warningstatement see 10.4.)2. Refer
5、enced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 726 Test Method for Sorbent Performance of Adsorbents2.2 Federal Standard:Fed. Std. No. 141a Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and RelatedMaterials. Methods of Inspection, Sampling and Testing32.3 Military Specification:MIL-I-631D Insulation, Electric, Synthetic Resin Comp
6、osi-tion, Nonrigid33. Terminology3.1 General Terminology:3.1.1 gellanta material such as a colloidal network orother aggregate network that pervades and holds a liquid in ahighly viscous fragile structure. Many gels may rapidly liquefywith added heat or ionic/polar addition. These materials aresolub
7、le/flowable in excess liquid.3.1.2 sorbentan insoluble material or mixture of materialsused to recover liquids through the mechanisms of absorptionor adsorption, or both.3.1.3 thickenera material (usually of higher molecularweight) that is soluble in excess liquid. These materials gofrom dry to gumm
8、y (viscoelastic) to flowable and then soluble.The final viscosity depends only on the liquid to solid ratio.3.1.4 universal sorbentan insoluble material or mixture ofmaterials that will sorb both hydrophobic and hydrophilicliquid spills.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 absorbenta material that picks up and ret
9、ains aliquid distributed throughout its molecular structure causingthe solid to swell (50 % or more). The absorbent is at least70 % insoluble in excess liquid.3.2.2 adsorbentan insoluble material that is coated by aliquid on its surface including pores and capillaries without thesolid swelling more
10、than 50 % in excess liquid.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 oila substantially water immiscible organic liquidthat will float on water (density less than 1 g/cm3), typicallywith surface tension less than 40 x 10-3.3.3.2 Type I absorbent (roll, film, sheet, pad, blanket,web)a
11、material with length and width much greater thanthickness and which has both linear form and strength suffi-cient to be handled either saturated or unsaturated.3.3.3 Type II absorbent (loose)an unconsolidated, par-ticulate material without sufficient form and strength to behandled except with scoops
12、 and similar equipment.4. Summary of Method4.1 The absorbent material is tested using established stan-dard methods, where applicable, and specially developed testsfor performance factors.5. Significance and Use5.1 These methods are to be used as a basis for comparisonof absorbents in a consistent m
13、anner.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 onHazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F20.22 on Mitigation Actions.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last prev
14、ious edition approved in 2001 as F 716 82 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available f
15、rom Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, Attn: NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 These tests are not appropriate for adsorbent materialswhich a
16、re covered in Test Method F 726.5.3 These methods are not useful for a comparison ofabsorbents with adsorbents, even though all absorbents exhibitadsorbent properties. Both types of materials have prime areasof utility.5.4 These methods may not list all the safety and disposaloptions necessary for s
17、afe ultimate disposal of used sorbentmaterial into the environment. Federal, state, and local regu-latory rules must be followed.6. Special Considerations6.1 SolubilityFluid should not dissolve the absorbentunder normal recovery or handling conditions.6.2 ReuseUsed absorbent materials may be recycle
18、d un-der certain conditions. Fluid absorbed cannot be released withsqueezing. However, many of the polymeric materials willdepolymerize at temperatures at or below those in a refinerypipe still. This means they are recoverable, although in adifferent form.Along with resource recovery, the harvestabi
19、lityof sorbents will become more important. Lower boiling mate-rials may also be steam stripped from absorbents to recoverboth fluid and absorbent.6.3 Release of VolatilesCertain volatile materials pickedup by sorbents may create a vapor hazard by increasing theexposed surface area and therefore vap
20、or release. Dependingon the material picked up, this may increase fire or healthhazard (see 10.4).6.4 Release to an Alternative Material Such as SandThetendency to release sorbed liquid to beaches, ground, clothingof personnel, and so forth, both as liquid and vapor can bedetermined on a basis of pr
21、iority (see 11.5).6.5 PenetrationAbsorbents may be useful as sealing de-vices and the penetration test will allow a uniform means ofdetermining the efficacy of a material for this use.7. Apparatus7.1 Exterior Exposure Tester, sufficient for use with Fed.Std. No. 141a, Method 6152 (optional).7.1.1 Ac
22、tual outdoor exposure in a direction averaging themaximum exposure in a sunny area, such as Southern Floridaor Arizona, is desired. Exposure should be listed in monthswith total sun days.7.1.2 Actual outdoor exposure for a period of three monthsat a testing site should be listed.7.2 Tension TesterCo
23、mmercially available tester (op-tional).47.2.1 Use of actual weights suspended from test pieces inturn suspended from a continuous reading hanging scale maybe used. Shock loading may be simulated by fastening one endof a unit rigidly and attaching the maximum pickup weight tothe bottom end hanging f
24、ree. The weight can be raised 2.5 cmand released and also 10 cm and again released. This testshould be recorded as pass or fail.7.3 Continuous Reading Hanging ScalesA continuousreading hanging scale fitted with a hook or clamp should beused. For testing units, weighing sensitivity shall be 62 %. For
25、small samples, postal-type scales may be used (0 to 80 g).7.4 Top Loading Balance, having 0.5-g resolution forsamples weighing at minimum 50 g or more. An accuracy of2 % is desired.7.5 Measuring Tubes10 and 100-mL graduated measur-ing cylinders of regular laboratory quality.7.6 Paper Towels, for rem
26、oving excess liquid from theabsorbent.7.7 Oven-Dried Mason Sand, for use in checking rate ofrelease. Screen analysis is desired. Optionally, known screensize silica sand can be used.8. Test Fluids8.1 Test fluids may be used for general testing, although theactual fluid should be used where possible.
27、8.2 Samples Heavier than WaterFor samples heavier thanwater 1,1,1-trichloroethane (available in many retail stores asnonflammable spot remover) may be used.8.3 Low-Viscosity MaterialsFor low-viscosity material(like gasoline), use xylene which has a higher flash point. (Forsafety, a solution containi
28、ng 10 % methylene chloride can beadded to aid in raising flash point.) Materials conforming to 8.2have a viscosity similar to gasoline but the density differencemay have to be adjusted.8.4 Polar SolventsFor polar solvents, use methylisobu-tylketone (hexone), butylacetate, and so forth.8.5 Medium-Vis
29、cosity FluidsFor medium-viscosity fluids,No. 2 fuel oil, diesel fuel, JP-5, Jet A-1 (turbine fuel), or lightcrude oil (for example, light Arabian or Iranian crude), isrecommended.8.6 High-Viscosity FluidsNondetergent or C-10 Trans-former dielectric oil (specify manufacturer and viscosity) isrecommen
30、ded.8.7 Range Finding FluidsEthanol (95 %), acetone, ethyl-ene glycol, cyclohexane, 2-nitropropane are suitable fluids.9. Conditioning9.1 Condition three absorbent test specimens at room tem-perature (21 to 26C) (70 to 80F) in a closed vessel with 2.5cm of water in the bottom. Suspend specimens in v
31、apor spacewithout contacting water for not less than 24 h prior to testing.Condition specimens in the fully exposed state with nocoverings or wrapping that would hinder the equilibrationprocess.9.2 Condition three absorbent test specimens totally im-mersed in water at room temperature (21 to 26C) (7
32、0 to 80F)in a vessel with a minimum of 10 cm of water covering theabsorbent for not less than 24 h prior to testing. Conditionspecimens in the fully exposed state with no coverings orwrapping which would hinder the equilibration process.9.3 Alternative TemperaturesIf temperature conditionsother than
33、 room temperature are expected to be important, thenthe sorbent should be conditioned and tested at the temperatureof use in addition to those specified in 9.1 and 9.2.4Instron Model No. TM, available from Instron Corp., 100-ARoyall St., Canton,MA 02021, or equivalent.F71607210. Determination of Phy
34、sical Characteristics ofAbsorbents10.1 MildewThe susceptibility of an absorbent to mildewunder normal storage is described in MIL-I-631D. This op-tional test determines the expected shelf life under conditionswhich could lead to mildew. This test may be required when itis believed that this conditio
35、n may exist prior to an emergency.10.2 Exterior ExposureThis optional test may be per-formed in accordance with Fed. Std. No. 141a, Method 6152.Actual exposure in area of use for one month is preferable.Long-term testing is not necessary for materials that are to beused in emergency situations. For
36、testing purposes both absor-bent and adsorbent and other parts of a fabricated unit shouldbe tested or exposed individually and reported.10.3 Humidity/Water ResistanceThis test is used to pre-dict the performance of a product stored under high humidityor one that is water-soaked prior to use.10.3.1
37、Condition all absorbent test specimens at roomtemperature (21 to 26C) (70 to 80F) in a closed vessel with2.5 cm of water in the bottom. Suspend the specimens in vaporspace without contacting water for 2 days (14 days optional).At the end of the exposure period, test the specimens for oiland water ab
38、sorbency. Record weights before and after thisconditioning.10.3.2 Weigh specimens that are conditioned in water bybeing total immersed (9.2) immediately after removal fromwater and again after wringing out all excess water (typicalhand wringer for laundry or equivalent). Test specimens for testfluid
39、 and water sorbency following both weighings.10.4 FlammabilityThis test should indicate either contri-bution to an existing fire, that is, a UL rating of 94, if desired,or a simple rating of combustible or noncombustible andflashpoint by Cleveland open-cup. (WarningAll sorbentmaterials, even those c
40、onsidered nonhazardous, take on thecharacteristics of the material they pick up. If the material isflammable, the used absorbent material is flammable. If thefluid picked up is toxic, then the used absorbent should behandled as a toxic substance. Basic active absorbent and simplefabricated units are
41、 adequate for this test.)11. Determination of Expected Performance11.1 General:11.1.1 Initial testing for performance can be accomplishedwith absorbent in the as-received condition. Conditioning asdescribed in Section 9 may be necessary for special use or forspecial fluids to be absorbed. Good pract
42、ice requires triplicatetesting with results reported as the average.11.1.2 For all tests, without exception, the fabricated mate-rials or units must remain handleable (without tearing) at themaximum pickup rate reported while being held by a corner ofthe unit.11.2 Oily Material Absorption (Typically
43、 Type IIAbsorbent)This test provides a simple method of comparingthe absorbing materials inherent capacity to absorb variousfluids as well as compare ultimate capacity to do so. This testis run with an excess of fluid.11.2.1 In a 10-mL graduated cylinder, place 2 mL ofabsorbent and weigh to determin
44、e the weight of absorbent.Place the 2 mL of absorbent into a 100-mL graduated cylinder.Add 50 mL of fluid to be tested, record level, then cap with afoil (aluminum or plastic)-wrapped cork or stopper. Agitate forshort periods with a glass stirring rod. If at the end of 2 h thereis still free liquid
45、on top of the swollen absorbent or underneathif the fluid has a density greater than the absorbent, place apiece of 200-mesh screen (just slightly smaller than the insidediameter of the cylinder with at least four centering wires bentup at 90) in the fluid to sit on top of the absorbent. Record thel
46、evel of the swollen absorbent. If the fluid is much more densethan the absorbent, add an additional minimum weight on topof the screen to force the swollen absorbent to the bottom andthen record the level of the screen. If this test gives a swell ofless than 20 mL, repeat using 10 mL of absorbent in
47、 the100-mL graduated cylinder. This empirical test may be re-placed by a microscopic calibrated swell of a uniform absor-bent particle in the fluid.11.2.2 Swell may also be checked at 24 h for thosespecimens that have not shown maximum swell in 2 h. Itshould be recognized that a 2-h maximum swell ma
48、y beacceptable but a 24-h swell will probably not be useful for aspill control unit without modification. Such a 24-h swell timemay require modification of particle size, etc., to provideeffective swell within 2 h. The report shall include the timerequired to reach maximum absorption if less than 2
49、h.11.2.3 Increase in volume of the solid absorbent is theproperty that distinguishes an absorbent from an adsorbent.Free liquid should be poured out of the graduate cylinder anda weighing then made (with the tared screen). The weight ofswollen absorbent allows calculation of absorption efficiency:A 5 W1W2!/W1# 3 100 (1)where:W1= weight of absorbed material,W2= weight of unabsorbed material, andA = absorption efficiency for the fluid and absorbentbeing tested.Type I absorbent material may be tested with inert materialpresent such as sand, fibers
