1、Designation: F 995 97 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forEstimating Toner Usage in Copiers Utilizing Dry Two-Component Developer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a procedure for estimating thenumber of copies that can be produced for a
3、 given unit of tonerin a copier using dry two-component developer.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
4、mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.See Section 9 for specific precautionary statements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 335 Terminology Relating to Electrostatic ImagingF 875 Test Method for Evaluation of Large Area Densityand Background on Office Copiers2.2 AS
5、TM Adjuncts:K Charts3Density Target Test Sheets43. Terminology3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to this Standard:3.1.1 toner usageamount of toner (milligrams per copy)removed from the toner reservoir during the copying process.3.1.2 two-component developera mixture of dry toner andcarrier used for
6、developing electrostatic images in copiers (SeeTerminology F 335.)4. Summary of Practice4.1 A copier is set up to standard operating parameters andoperated under a controlled job stream and environment for alength of time sufficient for stable performance. A known, orestimated, quantity of toner is
7、used to replenish the developerover the length of the test and this result, along with the totalnumber of copies generated, is used to estimate the number ofcopies produced per unit of toner.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice may be used to evaluate the performanceof different toners in a comm
8、on machine. It can also be used toevaluate the economics of toner usage when making machine-to-machine comparisons.5.2 The practice provides only a point estimate that issubject to a significant number of variables that are not easilymeasured. As with all dry developers, two-component devel-oper sys
9、tems are not 100 % efficient. Some toner is lost to thesurroundings (inside or outside the copier). This loss is alsodependent on copier adjustments and may be significantenough to affect the total number of copies capable of beingproduced by a specific amount of toner. Anyone making adecision based
10、 on the results of this practice should carefullyconsider the accuracy of the results and other pertinent data.5.3 Actual use of the copier in normal operating conditionswill most likely result in toner usage values different fromthose generated in this practice.6. Interferences6.1 Variations in ton
11、er usage will occur for many reasons,among them:6.1.1 Machine adjustments,6.1.2 Operating environment,6.1.3 Varying use of special copy controls,6.1.4 Number of copies on the photoconductor and devel-oper,6.1.5 Variations in copy paper,6.1.6 Operator variability,6.1.7 Batch-to-batch toner and develo
12、per variability,6.1.8 Machine-to-machine variability, and6.1.9 Variation in document area coverage.7. Apparatus7.1 Balance, reading to the nearest 1 g.7.2 Refer to Test Method F 875 for other required instru-ments.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Prod
13、ucts and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 995 97 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.
14、astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJF0995. Original adjunct produced in 1986.4Available
15、from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJF0875. Original adjunct produced in 1994.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Sufficient quantities of paper, toner, developer, andphot
16、oconductor to run the test (Refer to 11.6.)8.2 Test Targets:8.2.1 Density and Background Test SheetAs shown inFig. 1 of Test Method F 875.48.2.2 “k” Target with 1507 “k”s As shown in Fig. 1.38.2.3 “k” Target with 2925 “k”sAs shown in Fig. 2.39. Precautions9.1 Machine-to-machine comparisons should be
17、 made, ifpossible, with the same manufacturing lot of toner and devel-oper.9.2 Any comparisons between machines or toners shouldcarefully consider the test conditions used and should bedocumented.9.3 The test must be controlled as described in this testmethod. A casual use of the copier during the t
18、est may affectthe results.9.4 The toner usage as estimated with this test method maynot accurately predict actual field results. Actual results willdepend not only on those interferences listed in Section 6, butalso on a number of additional variables:9.4.1 Type of originals used,9.4.2 Machine and s
19、ervice variability,9.4.3 Users image quality requirements,9.4.4 Number of copies per original,9.4.5 Use of secondary receivers, and9.4.6 Variations in copy paper.9.5 A copier that produces a lower average print densitymay have a lower average toner usage than a similar copierproducing a higher avera
20、ge print density. This is especiallyimportant to note when making copier-to-copier comparisonsusing the same toner.10. Conditioning10.1 Condition the paper, toner, developer, photoconductor,and copier in the test environment for 24 h prior to initiatingthe test.11. Procedure11.1 The environment in w
21、hich the following procedure iscarried out should be controlled to reduce adverse effects. Thetemperature should be controlled within 65F around themean temperature selected for the test. The relative humidityshould be controlled within 610 % around the mean relativehumidity selected for the test.11
22、.1.1 The actual temperature and relative humidity shouldbe measured periodically during the test and recorded for anyfuture comparison tests.11.2 The machine, in which the toner usage will be mea-sured, should be thoroughly cleaned by an authorized servicerepresentative, and any prescribed preventiv
23、e maintenanceperformed prior to loading the test toner.11.2.1 The machine should be adequately serviced to in-crease the probability of a long copy run without major failure.FIG. 1 “k” Chart With 1507 “k”sF 995 97 (2006)211.3 The copier should be set up to the manufacturersspecifications with a new
24、photoconductor and developer. It isalso recommended that major replaceable components in thefusing and cleaning subsystems be replaced in accordance withthe manufacturers preventive maintenance schedule to mini-mize any potential adverse effects.11.4 A log sheet should be designed on which to record
25、significant events during the running of this test.11.5 The initial machine copy count from the appropriateindicator should be recorded before the test toner is loaded intothe machine.11.6 The procedure requires that the machine and toner beused sufficiently long enough to provide stable performance
26、.(See Fig. 3.)This is defined as: (a) one developer life accordingto the manufacturers recommended replacement schedule, or(b) 50 times the rated machine speed in copies per hour,whichever comes first. Toner being evaluated should be se-quentially added throughout the test.11.7 The estimated toner u
27、sage can be determined by one oftwo ways, depending on the copier being used and the degreeof serviceability. These are:11.7.1 Some machines, with possible assistance from themanufacturers service representative, allow for the weighingof all components of the toning subsystem. In this case takeand r
28、ecord the following measurements during the procedure.11.7.1.1 Weight (Wo) to the nearest 1 g of the toningsubsystem components including any installed toner.11.7.1.2 The copy counter reading at the start (Co).11.7.1.3 Net weight (Ti) to the nearest1gofeach unit oftoner added to the toning subsystem
29、 during the procedure. Thiscan be done by directly weighing the toner added, or deter-mining the net toner added by weighing the toner containerbefore it is loaded in a copier and after it is removed.11.7.1.4 Weight (Wf) to the nearest1gofthetoningsubsystem components including any remaining toner a
30、t theend of the test.11.7.1.5 Copy counter reading at the end of the test (Cn).11.7.1.6 Total weight (Wt) of the toner used during the testcan be calculated by adding the initial weight of the toningsubsystem components and the total net toner added during thetest, and then subtract the final weight
31、 of the toning subsystemas shown in the following equation:Wt5 Wo1 T11 T21 T31 1 Tn! 2 Wf(1)11.7.1.7 The actual toner usage in milligrams/copy is cal-culated by dividing the total toner used in grams 3 1000 by thenumber of copies (Wt31000)/(Cn Co).11.7.2 With some copiers it is not physically possib
32、le toweigh the components of the toning subsystem, or serviceassistance may not be readily available to provide access tothese components. Because potentially useful (available) tonerin the toning system cannot be accurately measured, it will benecessary to estimate toner usage over some steady stat
33、e periodof operation. For this method take and record the followingmeasurements during the procedure.FIG. 2 “k” Chart With 2945 “k”sF 995 97 (2006)311.7.2.1 Record the machine copy count (Ci) as each unit oftoner is installed to replenish the developer. Toner should beadded only when the replenishme
34、nt sensor indicates an “addtoner” condition.11.7.2.2 The net weight (Ti) in grams of each unit of toneradded should be calculated and recorded with reference to11.7.1.3.11.7.2.3 The toner usage in milligrams/copy can be esti-mated using the following equation:toner usage 5 1000! 3 T21 T31 1 Tn21!/Cn
35、2 C2! (2)11.7.2.4 Note that the test is considered to begin with theaddition of the second unit of test toner. The first unit is usedto set the copier into a steady-state condition. The initial tonerweight and copy count is recorded to indicate the establishmentof the steady state condition.11.8 The
36、 test should be conducted using one of two standardtoner usage test targets identified in 8.2.2 and 8.2.3. Selectiondepends on the desired print coverage (1507 or 2925 “k”s).One may want to use the target that represents the printcoverage closest to that commonly used by the copier in thetest. This
37、document provides a constant job stream andeliminates one source of variability. The same selected docu-ment should be used for all tests in the comparison.11.9 The toner usage test target should be rotated 180 onthe platen every 500 copies to reduce the potential of fatiguingthe photoconductors.11.
38、10 The image quality should be monitored during the testas a check on copy uniformity.The density and background testtarget identified in 8.2.1 should be used at the beginning of thetest and at intervals equal to the number of copies that can bemade in2hofmachine operation. The density data and copy
39、count should be recorded at each measurement. The copiershould be readjusted if the density changes by more than 5 %.12. Interpretation of Results12.1 The estimated toner usage determined by this testmethod relates only to the relatively limited and controlledconditions under which the test method i
40、s used. It is useful inmaking comparisons between machines or toner only underthese conditions. Variations in the populations of machines,toners, service, and operating conditions may result in tonerusage values different from those estimated by this test method.13. Keywords13.1 copiers; test target
41、; toner usage; two-component tonerManufacturer of machine testedModel numberRated number of copies/minuteCopies/hour (copies/minute 3 60)Test length (or developer life) (copies/hour 3 50) 11.6Copy counter reading at start (Co)11.7.1.2Weight of toner subsystem (Wo)11.7.1.1 gWeight of initial toner un
42、it added (T1)11.7.1.3 gWeight of next toner unit added (T2)11.7.1.3 or 11.7.2.2 gCopy counter reading at T2addition (C2)11.7.2.1. . . (record T3. .Tn1 weight) 11.7.1.3 or 11.7.2.2. . gWeight of toner unit n added (Tn)11.7.1.3 gCopy counter reading at last toner addition (Cn)11.7.1.5Total weight of t
43、oner added (T1+ T2+ . + Tn) gWeight of toner subsystem at end (Wf)11.7.1.4 gToner used 11.7.1.6 Wt=Wo+(T1+ T2+ . + Tn)WfgToner usage 11.7.1.7 (1000 3 Wt)/(CnCo) mg percopyToner usage 11.7.2.3 (1000) 3 (T2+ T3+Tn1)/(CnC2) mg percopyFIG. 3 Sample Data SheetF 995 97 (2006)4ASTM International takes no p
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47、ss shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 995 97 (2006)5
