1、Designation: F2130 11Standard Test Method forMeasuring Repellency, Retention, and Penetration of LiquidPesticide Formulation Through Protective ClothingMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2130; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe health and safety of agricultural workers involved in the mixing
3、, loading and application ofliquid pesticides can be affected by dermal exposure to liquid pesticide formulations. Use of protectiveclothing can assist in minimizing the danger of contact with potentially harmful pesticides. Nonporousmaterials that provide excellent protection to the user are usuall
4、y not suitable for many agriculturalenvironments in which there is a potential for heat stress. Therefore, garments made of porousmaterials that can provide a balance between risk from pesticide exposure and user comfort can alsobe used as personal protective equipment (PPE) for agricultural workers
5、. The movement of liquidpesticides through these materials is primarily a result of penetration through spaces between fibersand interstices between yarns. As these materials provide protection either by repelling or retainingliquid pesticide, the measurement of these properties is also important. T
6、his test method is used tomeasure repellency, retention, and penetration of liquid pesticides through protective clothingmaterials.The degree of contamination depends on numerous factors such as type of exposure, applicationtechnique, and pesticide formulation. Worker exposure to liquid pesticides c
7、an range from lowexposure caused by spray drift to high exposure as in the case of an accidental spill while mixing orhandling of concentrates. As the level of exposure can vary considerably, this test method is designedto rate relative performance of PPE materials at two levels of contamination.1.
8、Scope1.1 This test method measures repellency, retention andpenetration of a known volume of liquid pesticide whenapplied to protective clothing material. No external hydrostaticor mechanical pressure is applied to the test specimen during orafter the application of the liquid pesticide.1.2 This tes
9、t method is designed to measure performance ofprotective clothing materials at two levels of contamination.Low level of contamination is achieved by applying 0.1-mLliquid formulation and high level by applying 0.2 mL.1.3 This test method does not measure resistance to perme-ation or degradation.1.4
10、This test method is suitable for field strength pesticideformulations. This test method may not be suitable for testingprotective clothing materials against volatile pesticides.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of th
11、esafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating t
12、o TextilesE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF2
13、3.30 on Chemicals.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F2130 - 09. DOI:10.1520/F2130-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceast
14、m.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1 analytical technique, na procedure whereby theconcentra
15、tion of the test chemical in a collection medium isquantitatively determined.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThese techniques are often specific toindividual chemical and collection medium combinations.Applicable techniques include, but are not limited to, flameionization, photo ionization, electro-chemical, ultr
16、aviolet andinfrared spectrophotometry, gas and liquid chromatography,colorimetry, length-of-stain detector tubes, and radionuclidetagging/detection counting.3.1.2 coated fabric, nflexible material composed of atextile fabric and an adherent polymeric or other materialapplied to one or both surfaces.
17、3.1.3 degradation, ndeleterious change in one or moreproperties of a material.3.1.4 penetration, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovement of substances through voids in protective clothingmaterials or items on a non-molecular level.3.1.4.1 DiscussionVoids include gaps, pores, holes, andimperfe
18、ctions in closures, seams, interfaces and protectiveclothing materials. Penetration does not require a change ofstate; solid chemicals move through voids in the materials assolids, liquids as liquids and gases as gases. Penetration is adistinctly different mechanism from permeation.3.1.5 permeation,
19、 nfor chemical protective clothing, themovement of chemicals, as molecules, through protectiveclothing materials by the processes of (1) absorption of thechemical into the contact surface of the material, (2) diffusionof the absorbed molecules throughout the material, and (3)desorption of the chemic
20、al from the opposite surface of thematerial.3.1.5.1 DiscussionPermeation is a distinctly differentmechanism from penetration.3.1.6 pesticide retention, namount of pesticide activeingredient retained in the protective clothing material.3.1.7 protective clothing, nan item of clothing that isspecifical
21、ly designed and constructed for the intended purposeof isolating all or part of the body from a potential hazard; or,isolating the external environment from contamination by thewearer of the clothing.3.1.8 repellency, ncharacteristic to resist wetting andpenetration by a liquid.3.1.9 test chemical,
22、nsolid, liquid, gas, or mixture thereof,used to evaluate the performance of a protective clothingmaterial.3.1.9.1 DiscussionFor the purpose of this test method,test chemical is limited to liquid chemicals that are a mixtureof raw materials, including, but not limited to, active ingredi-ents, inert i
23、ngredients, and a base solvent used in pesticideformulation. Additional ingredients could include emulsifiersand surfactants. Solvents used in the formulation could bewater, isopropyl alcohol, or petroleum distillate. Solid materi-als (powders, granules, and so forth) may be dissolved oremulsified t
24、o form a liquid or suspension. These formulationsmay be ready to use or concentrates that require dilution tofield strength. In some ultra-low volume applications, concen-trated oil-based formulations are used without dilution; testingfor this application is beyond the scope of this test method.3.1.
25、10 For other textile terminology see Terminology D123.3.1.11 For other protective clothing terminology see Termi-nology F1494.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A pipettor is used to apply liquid pesticide to the surfaceof the test assembly. The test assembly consists of single- ormultiple-layer protectiv
26、e clothing material (test specimen) andan absorbent paper backed by polyethylene film (collectorlayer).4.1.1 Another absorbent paper backed by polyethylene filmis placed on the surface test specimen after a specified time toremove the remaining liquid.4.1.2 The contaminated test specimen, collector
27、layer, andpaper used to remove liquid from the surface of the material areseparated and extracted.4.1.3 The extracts are analyzed quantitatively.4.1.4 Data are used to calculate percent repellency, pesticideretention, and penetration.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used for labora
28、tory screening ofprotective clothing material used to manufacture garments andaccessories worn by pesticide workers.5.2 This test method can be used for the development andevaluation of new protective clothing materials.5.3 This test method can be used for the evaluation ofprotective clothing materi
29、als against new pesticide formula-tions.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Apparatus and materials for contamination of test speci-men:6.1.1 Test Chemical, to contaminate the test specimen.NOTE 1Diluted and concentrated formulations can be used with thistest method.6.1.2 Pipettor, with disposable pipet t
30、ip, mounted on asupport stand, for pipetting 0.1 6 0.002 mL of liquid for lowcontamination level and 0.2 6 0.004 mL for high contamina-tion level.6.1.3 Specimen Holder, that consists of a base plate (100 by100 mm) and a cover plate (100 by 100 mm with a 60 by 60mm opening in the center). The specime
31、n holder is made ofpolymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (4-mm thickness).6.1.4 Timer, accurate to 1 s.6.1.5 Absorbent Paper, two 80 by 80-mm squares of What-man Benchkote Plus3Paper (absorbent paper backed bypolyethylene film) per test specimen. One square is used tomeasure penetration, and the second to
32、measure repellency.NOTE 2Substitutions are not recommended, as due to differences insorptive properties, use of absorbent papers other than Benchkote Plusmay affect the test results.6.1.6 Container, to discard contaminated materials.3Whatman Benchkote Plus absorbent paper is available through scient
33、ificproducts suppliers or from Whatman Company. Information on the paper andsuppliers can be obtained from F2130 1126.1.7 Fume Hood, with airflow control and a glass door6.2 Apparatus for Analysis Using Method A:6.2.1 Balance, accurate to 0.001 g.6.2.2 Tweezers.6.2.3 Transparency Film, a 100 by 100-
34、mm square cut fromclear transparency film or similar material made of plastic film.6.3 Apparatus for Analysis Using Method B6.3.1 Solvent, appropriate for extraction of pesticide.NOTE 3Selection of the solvent is dependent on the pesticide and theanalytical method used. A minimum extraction efficien
35、cy of 95 % isrequired. Procedure to calculate extraction efficiency is given in 11.2.1.Solvent with high volatility may not be appropriate, as there may beevaporation loss during handling operations.6.3.2 Airtight Chemically Resistant Flasks/Bottles, suitablefor extraction of pesticides.6.3.3 Tweeze
36、rs.6.3.4 Timer, to measure time in minutes.6.3.5 50 6 0.2 mL Graduated Cylinder, bottle-top dispenseror other apparatus for accurate measurement of solvent.6.3.6 Orbital Shaker.6.3.7 Airtight Chemically Resistant Bottles, for storage.7. Test Specimen7.1 Protective clothing material specimen may cons
37、ist of asingle layer or a composite of multiple layers that is represen-tative of an actual protective clothing garment. Specimens withseams, closures, or other unions shall be cut such that thestitching is centered on the specimen. In each test the outersurface should be contaminated with the pesti
38、cide formulation.7.1.1 Each protective clothing material specimen shouldmeasure 80 by 80 mm.7.1.2 Aminimum of three specimens shall be tested for eachtest material. Random sampling procedures described in Prac-tice E105 should be used for the selection of specimen.8. Selection of Analytical Techniqu
39、e8.1 The procedure used to quantify the mass of testchemical/liquid in the test specimen and absorbent papers shallbe determined before conducting the tests. The selection ofprocedure for analysis is based on the liquid test chemicalselected.8.1.1 Gravimetric analysis can be used if the liquid testc
40、hemical has (1) a low evaporation rate and (2) no filtration orselective retention of ingredients. Typically, pesticide formu-lations that are categorized as emulsifiable concentrates (rela-tively small particle size) and liquid concentrates (water-basedsolution concentrate with no particles) meet t
41、he criteria.8.1.2 Analytical techniques such as gas chromatography orhigh-pressure liquid chromatography can be used for formula-tions with an active ingredient. This requires extraction (inmost cases) and analysis of the active ingredient.8.1.3 Use Method A if the gravimetric method is used foranal
42、ysis. Use Method B if the procedure requires extractionand analysis of active ingredient.9. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Materials9.1 Calibration of the Pipettor9.1.1 Calibration with Distilled Water9.1.1.1 Calibrate the pipettor by weighing 0.1 mL (0.2 mLfor higher contamination level) of dist
43、illed water. Take tenreadings. The values shall be within the 2 % tolerance limits.9.1.2 Calibration with Liquid Test Chemical9.1.2.1 The pipettor shall be calibrated by each operatorbefore conducting the tests. Use the same tip to dispense thetest aliquot (0.1 or 0.2 mL) and record the weight to th
44、e thirddecimal place (0.001). Take ten readings. Each value shall bewithin the 2 % tolerance limits. Calculate the mean of tenreadings. The mean value shall be used as the value for totalamount of the liquid test chemical applied for Method A in10.2.NOTE 4Experience of the operator in pipetting the
45、liquid test chemi-cal according to the procedure provided by the manufacturer is crucial.Inexperience in aspirating and dispensing the liquid test chemical canresult in errors. Electronic pipettors may reduce the error caused byoperator experience.NOTE 5The viscosity of the liquids may affect the am
46、ount dispensed.Liquid buildup in the tip may occur for liquids that are more viscous. Incase of buildup, use fresh tip for each application or change as required,based on the results of the ten consecutive readings taken in 9.1.2.9.2 Preparation of the Test Assembly9.2.1 Mount the pipettor on the su
47、pport stand and placeunder the fume hood.NOTE 6If the height of the container with the liquid test chemical isgreater than 25 mm, place the specimen holder on a raised platform so thetest chemical can be aspirated with ease.9.2.2 Place the collector layer with the absorbent side up onthe base plate
48、of the specimen holder. Then place the testspecimen, outside face uppermost, followed by the cover plate.Place the specimen holder with the specimen and collectorlayer horizontally below the pipettor. Adjust the height of thepipettor to a distance of 30 6 5 mm above specimen.NOTE 7A polymethyl metha
49、crylate (PMMA) cover plate prevents theedges of the material from curling and also ensures contact between thelayers.9.2.3 Mark the position of the specimen holder on the standor raised platform.9.3 Conditioning and Testing Conditions9.3.1 Unless otherwise specified, test specimens and absor-bent paper shall be conditioned and tested at (20 6 5C) and 606 10 % relative humidity for 24 h before testing.10. Method A10.1 Contamination of Specimen10.1.1 Weigh the test specimen and the two absorbentpapers and record the readings in grams to the third deci
