1、Designation: F 2152 07Standard Guide forIn-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil: Fire-Resistant Boom1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2152; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a set of criteria to evaluate theperformance, material characteristics, and essential features offire-resistant oil sp
3、ill containment boom.1.2 This guide covers two types of fire-resistant oil contain-ment boom: those that are intrinsically fire-resistant throughthe use of fire-resistant materials, and those that providefire-resistance through the use of coolants. This guide may notbe fully applicable to other type
4、s of fire-resistant boom.1.3 This guide is one of four related to in-situ burning of oilspills. Guide F 1788 addresses environmental and operationalconsiderations, Guide F 1990 addresses ignition devices, andGuide F 2230 addresses burning in ice conditions.1.4 This standard does not purport to addre
5、ss all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 625 Practice
6、 for Classifying Water Bodies for Spill Con-trol SystemsF 715 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics Used for Oil SpillControl and StorageF 818 Terminology Relating to Spill Response BarriersF 962 Specification for Oil Spill Response Boom Connec-tion: Z-ConnectorF 1093 Test Methods for Tensile Strength Cha
7、racteristics ofOil Spill Response BoomF 1523 Guide for Selection of Booms in Accordance WithWater Body ClassificationsF 1788 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water:Environmental and Operational ConsiderationsF 1990 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil: IgnitionDevicesF 2084 Guide for C
8、ollecting Containment Boom Perfor-mance Data in Controlled EnvironmentsF 2230 Guide for In-situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water: IceConditions3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 actively-cooled fire-resistant boomtype of fire-resistant boom that uses ancillary equip
9、ment to supply coolantto the boom to increase its fire resistance.3.1.2 ancillary equipmentmechanical devices essential tothe operation of a given boom system; for example, waterpumps, power supplies, control manifolds, and so forth.3.1.3 fire resistancethe ability of a barrier to maintainstructural
10、 integrity and oil containment ability while beingsubjected to the thermal stress of a petroleum fire.3.1.4 fire-resistant boombarrier intended for containmentof burning oil floating on water.3.1.5 freeboardminimum vertical height of the boomabove the water line.3.1.6 heat fluxthe thermal intensity
11、indicated by theamount of energy per unit area. (kW/m2).3.1.7 in-situ burningburning of oil directly on the watersurface.3.1.8 residuethe material, excluding airborne emissions,remaining after the oil stops burning.3.1.8.1 DiscussionResidue includes only material derivedfrom the oil that is burned,
12、and it shall not include materialrelated to the boom or its components.3.1.9 salvageable componentscomponents of the boomthat may be reused in a repair or reconstruction of the boom toits original state.3.2 For other definitions relating to boom properties anddimensions, refer to Terminology F 818.4
13、. Equipment Description4.1 To be effective, the fire-resistant boom shall contain oilfloating on water before, during, and after exposure to in-situburning of oil.4.2 Some fire-resistant booms use coolant to increase theirfire resistance. With some booms, this is actively supplied byancillary equipm
14、ent; others rely on wicking of the water in1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.15 on In-Situ Burning.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyappro
15、ved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 2152 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM webs
16、ite.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.which the boom is floating. Additional requirements andtesting stipulations for such booms are noted in 5.5 and 6.5.4.3 If a boom is defined as reusable, a procedure forcleaning, de
17、contaminating, salvage, and restoration shall beprovided to the user by the manufacturer.4.4 Fire-resistant booms may be used in conjunction withconventional booms or “transition” booms. If a boom is to beused in this fashion, a suitable means of connection betweenthe fire boom and transition boom m
18、ust be made, such as aconnector in accordance with Specification F 962.5. Minimum Equipment Performance Characteristics5.1 Overview:5.1.1 Minimum performance characteristics are groupedunder three headings: Operability, Oil Containment; and Fire-Resistance. All minimum performance characteristics li
19、stedhere shall be achieved before a boom is considered to meet therequirements of this guide.5.1.2 The fire-resistant boom shall withstand oil fires andcontain oil in various conditions that include both calm waterand waves with a significant wave height of up to 1 m and aperiod of 3 to 4 s.5.1.3 Fo
20、r booms intended for use in salt water or brackishwater, the boom shall be tested in water that has a salinity of15 o/oo (parts per thousand) or greater. For booms that rely onwicking, the salinity shall be 33 o/oo or greater. For actively-cooled booms, the water in which the boom is tested may be15
21、 o/oo if the water supplied to the boom (from a separatesupply) has a salinity of 33 o/oo or greater.5.2 Operability Characteristics:5.2.1 The fire-resistant boom shall meet the minimumphysical dimensions and strength parameters as for conven-tional oil containment booms, except for the buoyancy-to-
22、weight ratio. These parameters are listed in Guide F 1523 andsummarized in Table 1.5.2.2 Total Tensile StrengthPrior to exposure to an in-situburn, the fire-resistant boom shall meet the minimum totalstrength for the various water body classifications listed inTable 1.5.2.3 Total tensile strength fo
23、r fire-resistant booms maydecrease after each burn exposure. In any case, the boom shallretain sufficient strength following a burn to retain burn residueand any unburned oil and to allow the salvage or disposal of theboom.5.2.4 Corrosion ResistanceFire-resistant oil spill contain-ment booms (and an
24、cillary systems, if applicable) shall bemanufactured of components that do not degrade significantlyand that maintain fire resistance characteristics while exposedto typical marine environmental conditions.5.2.5 Extreme Temperature PropertiesThe fire-resistantboom and any ancillary equipment shall n
25、ot be adverselyaffected by use or storage at temperatures within the range of-40 to 40C.5.2.6 Fabric TestsFabrics and components shall meet theapplicable test methods for fabrics used in spill control barriersand temporary storage devices in accordance with Test Meth-ods F 715.5.2.7 Hazardous WasteI
26、f the booms materials of manu-facture include any hazardous materials, the appropriate Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet and exposure limits shall be providedby the manufacturer. The fire-resistant boom system shall notcreate or add to the hazardous waste pollution, nor shall it haveany special disposal r
27、equirements beyond that typically re-quired of oil spill booms.5.2.8 End ConnectorsThe fire-resistant boom section in-terconnections shall meet boom fire tolerance requirements.5.2.9 DocumentationDocumentation shall be provided bythe manufacturer addressing storage, handling, maintenance,health and
28、safety, test results, and recommended repair proce-dures.5.3 Oil Containment Characteristics:5.3.1 Prior to exposure to an oil fire, the fire-resistant boomshall display similar oil containment characteristics expected ofconventional oil spill containment booms.5.4 Fire-Resistance Characteristics:5.
29、4.1 The fire-resistant boom shall contain oil and survive inheat fluxes equivalent to an in-situ burn of diesel with aminimum diameter of 4.5 m, for a total of three 1 h burn cycles,with a minimum 1 h cool down between cycles.5.5 Additional Requirements for ActivelyCooled Booms:5.5.1 Additional fire
30、-resistance testing for actively-cooledbooms is specified in 6.5.2 to confirm the adequacy of backupsystems for coolant supply. To fulfill the additional testrequirement, it is recommended that actively-cooled boomshave the following features:5.5.1.1 Backup coolant supply system,5.5.1.2 Flowmeter or
31、 indicator on each coolant supply tomonitor the flow, and5.5.1.3 Capability to switch to the backup coolant supply inthe event of failure of the primary supply.5.5.2 The manufacturer shall specify the required minimumflowrate and corresponding pressure drop per unit length (ofhose and boom) required
32、 to adequately cool the boom.5.5.3 Previous testing has identified the clogging of nozzlesand small orifices as a potential problem with actively-cooledbooms. To negate this as a potential problem, it is recom-mended that the coolant supply be filtered or that adequateredundancy in coolant supply be
33、 provided, or both.6. Outline of Equipment Testing6.1 The following test outline includes three componentsthat apply to all fire-resistant booms (testing for operability, oilTABLE 1 Minimum Design Values for Fire-Resistant BoomBoomPropertyCalmWaterACalm Water CurrentAProtectedWaterAOpenWaterAFreeboa
34、rd prior toburn, mm120 130 260 530Freeboard followingburn, mm60 70 130 270Draft, mm 150 160 330 660Gross buoyancy-to-weightratio prior to burn3:1 3:1 3:1 3:1Gross buoyancy-to-weightratio following burn1.5:1 1.5:1 1.5:1 1.5:1Tensile strength, N per mmof boom draftB57 140 64 72Tear strength, N 450 450
35、 450 450AWater body types defined in Practice F 625.BTensile strength measured by Test Methods F 1093.F2152072containment, and fire resistance) and two additional stipula-tions for actively-cooled booms.6.2 Operability Testing:6.2.1 The fire-resistant boom shall be towed in aU-configuration and in a
36、 straight line to confirm its towingcharacteristics and its short-term durability. A minimum 150-mlength of boom shall be used for the tests.6.2.2 The boom system shall be towed, without significantdamage, for2hat1.0knots in a U-configuration with a gapratio of 1:3 (60.5), and in a straight line at
37、5 knots for 2 h. Thepresence of waves is not required for this test.6.3 Oil Containment Testing:6.3.1 The fire-resistant boom shall be subjected to thestandard oil containment test protocol in accordance withGuide F 2084. This component of the test protocol willestablish the containment limits (that
38、 is, waves and current) ofthe boom, and will identify any potential problems in boomtowability and stability under tow and in waves.6.3.2 Prior to and during a burn exposure, the boom shall becapable of containing a layer of low viscosity oil of 200 mm inthickness without significant losses.6.3.3 Af
39、ter the second or third of the three 1 h burns, theboom shall contain a layer of diesel of 200 mm in calm water.The losses from the boom due to leakage shall be no greaterthan 10 %, measured by volume, over a period of 10 min fromthe start of the test.6.3.4 In 6.3.2 and 6.3.3, the layer of oil shall
40、 be the lesser of200 mm or 50 % of the booms draft.6.3.5 At the conclusion of the third burn, the boom shallhave sufficient strength and integrity such that it can containany floating residue and can be retrieved.6.4 Fire Resistance Testing:6.4.1 The fire-resistant boom shall survive direct fire exp
41、o-sure with an average heat flux of 100 kW/m2or greater (heatflux measurements averaged over the 1 h burn period), withpeaks of 100 to 150 kW/m2, while exposed to wave action. Theboom shall be exposed to a series of three 1 h burns with aminimum 1 h cool-down period between burns.6.4.2 Heat flux is
42、very difficult to measure accurately. Heatflux gages respond quickly to changes in the fire, and substan-tial fluctuation is normal for these measurements. Readingswill vary significantly with attitude and direction of a sensor,and also with the wind speed and direction.36.4.3 Given the difficulties
43、 in accurately measuring heatflux, the recommended test is an in-situ burn of diesel with aminimum burn diameter of 4.5 m (15 ft). This test meets therequirements for this guide without the need for doing heat fluxmeasurements.6.4.4 During the heat exposure and intervening cool-downperiods (with the
44、 exception of the leak test in 6.3.2), the boomshall be exposed to wave action. A wave height of at least 15cm with a period of3sorless is recommended. The waveheight shall be the minimum of 15 cm or the minimumfreeboard following the burn for the appropriate boom categoryas shown in Table 1.6.5 Add
45、itional Stipulations for Actively-Cooled Booms:6.5.1 Operability TestingFor all fire-resistant booms, atow test is specified in 6.2. For actively-cooled booms, thestraight-line tow tests shall be carried out with the boom and allancillary equipment in their operating configuration, and theU-shape to
46、w tests shall be carried out with the ancillaryequipment rigged and operating at design conditions.6.5.2 Fire Resistance TestingA fire-resistance test isspecified in 6.4 for all fire-resistant booms. For actively-cooledbooms, all backup systems necessary to ensure an uninter-rupted flow of cooling w
47、ater shall be tested during each of thethree specified burn periods. At the midpoint of each of theburn periods, the backup systems shall be tested by intention-ally switching to the backup water supply or power system tosimulate failure of the primary systems during the burn. If anactively-cooled b
48、oom is not equipped with a backup coolingwater system, the absence shall be noted in the test report.7. Keywords7.1 fire containment booms; fire-resistant booms; in-situburning; oil spill burning; oil spill containment; oil spilldisposalASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of
49、 any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to A
