1、Designation: F 2171 02Standard Guide forDefining the Performance of First Aid Providers inOccupational Settings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the minimum requirements needed totrain a student to assess and manage illness and injury prior to
3、:(1) notification, arrival, or treatment by traditional EMSagencies, or combination thereof, or (2) management of aminor emergency medical incident instead of an EMS re-sponse.1.2 This guide also recommends minimum instructor quali-fications, program logistics, and medical oversight consider-ations.
4、1.3 This guide does not delineate a new level of formalizededucation for prehospital medical provision. This guide doesnot replace or decrease the need for appropriate agencies toseek state or national licensure or certification as an FirstResponder or Emergency Medical Technician (Basic, Interme-di
5、ate, or Paramedic).1.4 Content and skills appropriate to the first aid providersscope of care and specific to the hazards or risks of particularindustries and occupations may be added by program devel-opers, instructors, and employers. These changes should beconsistent with the intent and design of
6、this guide.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Related Documents:National Guidelines for First Aid Training in OccupationalSettings, November 1998, Preface, Course Guide andCurriculum Modules2National EMS Education and Practice Blueprint33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1
7、first aid provider, na person who has an occupa-tional requirement to be trained in very basic emergencymedical techniques and may be designated or expected toprovide aid as an initial (pre-EMS) responder.3.1.2 initial responder, na person who has an occupa-tional requirement to be trained in very b
8、asic initial emergencymedical techniques, but responds as a “Good Samaritan.”4. Significance and Use4.1 Currently, no one body of work exists that contains acomprehensive standard for defining the performance stan-dards for personnel that are initial responders to illness andinjury in the occupation
9、al setting. Whereby several corporate,state, and national organizations have developed trainingcurricula, no independent consensus standard establishes anational minimum requirement. This guide allows the determi-nation of course equivalency and provides a mechanism toassess regulatory compliance.4.
10、2 This guide is intended to be consistent with the NationalEMS Education and Practice Blueprint, thus the first aidprovider in an occupational setting in this guide is defined as in3.1.2. This individual uses a limited amount of equipment toperform initial assessment and intervention while awaitinga
11、rrival of EMS.4.3 The goal of this guide is to provide program developers,institutions teaching first aid courses, consumers of thesecourses, and regulatory agency personnel who review orapprove courses, or both, the essential elements of what isconsidered safe, helpful, and effective first aid trai
12、ning. Thefocus and training is similar and, in some cases, largelyidentical to those standards developed by the National Guide-lines for First Aid Training in Occupational Settings (NGFA-TOS) developed by the NGFATOS consensus group referencedin Section 2.5. Instructor Qualification5.1 Minimum instr
13、uctor criteria include:5.1.1 Be knowledgeable in aspects of first aid techniquesand basic life support/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BLS/CPR).5.1.2 Be knowledgeable in methods of adult education.5.1.3 Possess basic skills in managing resources and per-sonnel.5.1.4 Have attended and successfully com
14、pleted a standard-ized course of instruction in First Aid, First Responder, orEMT-Basic.5.1.5 Possess appropriate medical education abilities1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F30 on EmergencyMedical Services and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F30.02 onPersonnel, T
15、raining, and Education.Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2002. Published May 2002.2Available from National Guidelines for First Aid Training in OccupationalSettings, .3Available from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administrations EMSDivision, 400 7th St., NW, Washington, DC 20590. Also availabl
16、e from http:/www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/ems/EdAgenda/final/emstoc.html.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.equivalent to the criteria in 5.1.1-5.1.5.5.1.6 Possess other appropriate medical credentials includ-ing, but
17、 not limited to, EMT-P, RN, PA, and MD.6. Curriculum6.1 The typical first aid provider curriculum consists of sixmajor and five optional (or enrichment) areas, as follows:6.1.1 Major Areas:6.1.1.1 Basic Preparatory,6.1.1.2 Airway,6.1.1.3 Assessment,6.1.1.4 Circulation,6.1.1.5 Medical Emergencies, an
18、d6.1.1.6 Trauma Emergencies.6.1.2 Optional Areas:6.1.2.1 Enhanced Preparatory,6.1.2.2 Infants and Children,6.1.2.3 Oxygen Administration,6.1.2.4 Automatic External Defibrillator (AED) (see Note1), and6.1.2.5 Industry specific medical/traumatic disorders.NOTE 1If an AED is available in the workplace,
19、 AED training shall berequired.7. Curriculum Objectives7.1 Curriculum objectives are classified using the followinglegend:C=CognitiveC-1 = Knowledge levelC-2 = Application levelC-3 = Problem-solving levelA=AffectiveA-2 = Application levelA-3 = Problem-solving levelP=PsychomotorP-1 = Knowledge levelP
20、-2 = Application levelP-3 = Problem-solving level7.2 At the completion of the Basic Preparatory section, thestudent will be able to:7.2.1 Discuss the components of Emergency Medical Ser-vices (EMS) systems. (C-1)7.2.2 Differentiate the roles and responsibilities of the firstaid provider from other o
21、ut-of-hospital care providers. (C-3)7.2.3 Accept and uphold the responsibilities of a first aidprovider in accordance with the generally recognized standardsof care. (A-3)7.2.4 Explain the need to determine scene safety. (C-2)7.2.5 Discuss the importance of body substance isolation(BSI). (C-1)7.2.6
22、Describe the steps the student should take for personalprotection from bloodborne pathogens. (C-1)7.2.7 Describe the personal protective equipment necessaryfor exposure to bloodborne pathogens. (C-1)7.2.8 Appropriately use personal protective equipment,given a scenario with potential infectious expo
23、sure. At thecompletion of the scenario, the first aid provider will properlyremove and discard the protective garments. (P-1, P-2)7.2.9 Define the first aid providers scope of care. (C-1)7.3 At the completion of the Airway section, the student willbe able to:7.3.1 Describe the major structures of th
24、e respiratory sys-tem. (C-1)7.3.2 Describe determining the presence of breathing. (C-1)7.3.3 Describe the steps in the head-tilt chin-lift (and thechin-lift without head-tilt). (C-1)7.3.4 Relate mechanism of injury to opening the airway.(C-3)7.3.5 Describe how to ventilate an ill or injured adult (w
25、itha resuscitation barrier device). (C-1)7.3.6 Describe the steps in providing mouth-to-mouth andmouth-to-stoma ventilation. (C-1)7.3.7 Describe how to clear a foreign body airway obstruc-tion in a responsive adult. (C-1)7.3.8 Describe how to clear a foreign body airway obstruc-tion in an unresponsi
26、ve adult. (C-1)7.3.9 Explain why airway protective skills and basic lifesupport ventilation take priority over all other basic life supportskills. (A-3)7.3.10 Demonstrate a caring attitude towards ill or injuredpersons with airway problems who request emergency medicalservices. (A-3)7.3.11 After res
27、cuer safety is ensured, place the interests ofthe ill or injured person with airway problems as the foremostconsideration when making any and all emergency care deci-sions. (A-3)7.3.12 Demonstrate the steps in the head-tilt chin-lift. (P-1,P-2)7.3.13 Describe the steps in the chin-lift without head-
28、tilt.(P-1, P-2)7.3.14 Demonstrate the steps in mouth-to-mouth ventilationwith body substance isolation (barrier shields) in the unrespon-sive adult. (P-1, P-2)7.3.15 Demonstrate how to clear a foreign body airwayobstruction in a responsive adult. (P-1)7.3.16 Demonstrate how to clear a foreign body a
29、irwayobstruction in an unresponsive adult. (P-1)7.4 At the completion of the Patient Assessment the section,the student will be able to:7.4.1 Describe the components of scene assessment. (C-1)7.4.2 Describe common hazards found at the scene. (C-1)7.4.3 Determine if the scene is safe to enter. (C-2)7
30、.4.4 Describe common mechanisms of injury or nature ofillness, or both. (C-1)7.4.5 Describe the reason for determining the total numberof ill or injured persons at the scene. (C-1)7.4.6 Describe methods of assessing responsiveness. (C-1)7.4.7 Describe methods used for assessing if an ill or injuredp
31、erson is breathing. (C-1)7.4.8 Distinguish between an ill or injured person withadequate breathing and an ill or injured person with inadequatebreathing. (C-3)7.4.9 Describe how to assess circulation. (C-1)7.4.10 Describe the how to obtain a pulse in an adult. (C-3)F 217127.4.11 Determine the need f
32、or assessing external bleeding.(C-1)7.4.12 Describe the components of on-going assessment.(C-1)7.4.13 Explain the reason for assessment of scene safetyprior to entering. (A-2)7.4.14 Explain the value of initial assessment. (A-2)7.4.15 Explain the value of questioning the ill or injuredperson and bys
33、tanders. (A-2)7.4.16 Explain the value of an on-going assessment. (A-2)7.4.17 Demonstrate a caring attitude when performing ini-tial and physical assessments. (A-3)7.4.18 Demonstrate the ability to distinguish potential haz-ards. (P-1)7.4.19 Demonstrate the techniques for assessing responsive-ness.
34、(P-1, P-2)7.4.20 Demonstrate the techniques for assessing the airway.(P-1, P-2)7.4.21 Demonstrate the techniques for assessing breathing.(P-1, P-2)7.4.22 Demonstrate the techniques for assessing circulation.(P-1, P-2)7.4.23 Demonstrate the techniques for assessing externalbleeding. (P-1, P-2)7.4.24
35、Demonstrate the techniques for assessing skin color,temperature, and moisture. (P-1, P-2)7.4.25 Demonstrate the techniques for physical assessment.(P-1, P-2)7.4.26 Demonstrate the on-going assessment. (P-1, P-2)7.5 At the completion of the Circulation section, the studentwill be able to:7.5.1 Explai
36、n the reasons the heart stops beating. (C-1)7.5.2 Describe the components of basic life support/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BLS/CPR). (C-1)7.5.3 Describe each link in the chain of survival. (C-2)7.5.4 Describe the steps of one-rescuer adult. (C-1)7.5.5 Describe the technique of external chest com
37、pressionon an adult. (C-1)7.5.6 Explain when the first aid provider is able to stopBLS/CPR. (C-2)7.5.7 Demonstrate a caring attitude towards persons incardiac arrest. (A-3)7.5.8 After rescuer safety is ensured, place the interests ofthe ill or injured person in cardiac arrest as the foremostconsider
38、ation when making emergency care decisions. (A-3)7.5.9 Demonstrate the proper technique of chest compres-sion on an adult. (P-1, P-2)7.5.10 Demonstrate the steps of adult (one rescuer) BLS/CPR. (P-1, P-2)7.6 At the completion of Medical Emergency section, thestudent will be able to:7.6.1 Identify th
39、e person who complains of a medicalproblem. (C-1)7.6.2 Describe the steps in providing first aid to a personwho complains of a medical problem. (C-1)7.6.3 Describe the ill or injured person with a decreasedlevel of responsiveness. (C-1)7.6.4 Describe the steps in providing first aid to an ill orinju
40、red person with a decreased level of responsiveness. (C-1)7.6.5 Describe a person having a seizure. (C-1)7.6.6 Describe the steps in providing first aid to a personwith seizures. (C-1)7.6.7 Describe a person with medical problems resultingfrom exposure to cold. (C-1)7.6.8 Describe the steps in provi
41、ding first aid to a personwith an exposure to cold. (C-1)7.6.9 Describe a person with medical problems resultingfrom exposure to heat. (C-1)7.6.10 Describe the steps in providing first aid to a personwith an exposure to heat. (C-1)7.6.11 Demonstrate a caring attitude towards a person whocomplains of
42、 a medical problem. (A-3)7.6.12 After rescuer safety is ensured, place the interests ofthe person with a medical problem as the foremost consider-ation when making emergency care decisions. (A-3)7.6.13 Demonstrate the steps in providing first aid to aperson who complains of a medical problem. (P-1,
43、P-2)7.6.14 Demonstrate the steps in providing first aid to an illor injured person with a decreased level of responsiveness.(P-1, P-2)7.6.15 Demonstrate the steps in providing first aid to aperson with seizures. (P-1, P-2)7.6.16 Demonstrate the steps in providing first aid to aperson with an exposur
44、e to cold or heat. (P-1, P-2)7.6.17 Distinguish between minor and major bleeding.(C-3)7.6.18 Describe the first aid for external bleeding. (C-1)7.6.19 Explain the importance of body substance isolation.(C-3)7.6.20 Describe the signs of internal bleeding. (C-1)7.6.21 Describe first aid for an injured
45、 person with signs andsymptoms of internal bleeding. (C-1)7.6.22 Define shock. (C-1)7.6.23 Describe the first aid for an ill or injured person inshock. (C-1)7.6.24 Describe types of open soft tissue injuries. (C-1)7.6.25 Describe the first aid for a soft tissue injury. (C-1)7.6.26 Describe the funct
46、ions of dressing and bandaging.(C-1)7.6.27 Describe the reason for body substance isolationwhen dealing with bleeding and soft tissue injuries. (A-3)7.6.28 Demonstrate a caring attitude towards injured per-sons with a soft tissue injury or bleeding. (A-3)7.6.29 After rescuer safety is ensured, place
47、 the interests ofthe person with a soft tissue injury, bleeding, or shock as theforemost consideration when making emergency care deci-sions. (A-3)7.6.30 Demonstrate direct pressure for external bleeding.(P-1, P-2)7.6.31 Demonstrate the use of pressure dressings for exter-nal bleeding. (P-1, P-2)7.6
48、.32 Demonstrate the use of pressure points for externalbleeding. (P-1, P-2)7.6.33 Describe the function of the muscles and bones.(C-1)7.6.34 Describe an open and a closed painful, swollen, orF 21713deformed extremity. (C-1)7.6.35 Describe the first aid for an injured person with apainful, swollen, o
49、r deformed extremity. (C-1)7.6.36 Explain the mechanism of injury as a possible causeof head and spine trauma. (C-3)7.6.37 Describe signs and symptoms of a possible spineinjury. (C-1)7.6.38 Describe the first aid for an injured person with apossible spine injury. (C-1)7.6.39 Describe signs and symptoms of head injury. (C-1)7.6.40 Describe the first aid for head injuries. (C-1)7.6.41 Demonstrate a caring attitude towards ill or injuredpersons with a muscle or bone injury, or both. (A-3)7.6.42 After ensuring rescuer safety, place the interests ofthe person with a muscle
