1、Designation: F 2191 02An American National StandardStandard Specification forPacking Material, Graphitic or Carbon Braided Yarn1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2191; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers staple or continuous filamentcarbon/graphite yarn valve stem compression p
3、acking, suitablefor use as end-rings on packing systems for valves. Intendedservices include steam, hydrocarbons, water and non-oxidizingchemicals. Where this specification is invoked as ASTMF 2191, Sections 1-18 apply. Where this specification is in-voked as ASTM/DoD F 2191, Sections 1-18 and the S
4、upple-mentary Requirements are applicable.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safet
5、y and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 135 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of RefractoryMaterials by Water Immersion2C 561 Test Method for Ash in a Graphite Sample3C 562 Test Method for Moisture
6、 in a Graphite Sample3C 816 Test Method for Sulfur in Graphite by CombustionIodometric Titration Method3C 889 Test Methods for Chemical and Mass SpectrographicAnalysis of Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3)Powder4D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)5D 512 Test
7、 Methods for Chloride Ion in Water6D 1179 Test Methods for Fluoride Ion in Water6D 1246 Test Method for Bromide Ion in Water6D 3178 Test Methods for Carbon and Hydrogen in theAnalysis Sample of Coal and Coke7D 3684 Test Method for Total Mercury in Coal by theOxygen Bomb Combustion/Atomic Absorption
8、Method7D 3761 Test Method for Total Fluorine in Coal by theOxygen Bomb Combustion/Ion Selective ElectrodeMethod7D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging8D 4239 Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample ofCoal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube FurnaceCombustion Methods72.2 Military Standards:M
9、IL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage9MIL-P-24583 Packing Material, Graphitic or CarbonBraided Yarn9MIL-P-24503 Packing Material, Graphitic, Corrugated Rib-bon or Textured Tape and Preformed Ring92.3 Fluid Sealing Association Handbook:Guidelines for the Use of Compression Packings, Copyright19
10、97103. Terminology3.1 base fiber densitybulk density of the base fiber beforebeing coated or impregnated and braided into packing; ex-pressed as lb/ft3.3.2 braided flexible graphitea braid constructed of con-tinuous strands or strips of expanded flexible graphite tape orribbons which may have been o
11、verwrapped or have imbeddedreinforcing fibers.3.3 carbon fibersfibers used in braided packing are pro-duced from viscose rayon, pitch, or polyacrylonitrile (PAN)and are defined as a yarn with a carbon assay of less than 99 %.3.4 carbon yarnsmanufactured from continuous or staplecarbon fibers that ar
12、e twisted or plied into continuous indi-vidual strands of between 6 and 18 m in diameter.3.5 carbon/graphite fiberscarbon/graphite fibers used inbraided packing are produced from viscose rayon, pitch, orpolyacrylonitrile (PAN).1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Sh
13、ipsand Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.02 onInsulation/Processes.Current edition approved July 10, 2002. Published September 2002.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.04.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.01.5Annu
14、al Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.7Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.06.8Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.9Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, Attn: NPODS.10Avai
15、lable from the Fluid Sealing Association, 994 Old Eagle School Road,Suite 1019, Wayne, PA 19087-1866.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.6 center or corner filler strandsstrands of fiber/yarn thatrun parallel to the lon
16、gitudinal axis of the braid in the cornersor center to control the internal density and dimensionalstability of the braid.3.7 continuousindividual fibers are almost infinite inlength.3.8 continuous or staple carbon/graphitecontinuous orstaple defines the length of the individual fibers in thecarbona
17、ceous yarn. Continuous means the fibers are infinite inlength and staple means the individual fibers are at least 75 mm(3 in.) long and preferably 150 to 200 mm (6 to 8 in.) long. Allof the fibers are between 6 to 18 m in diameter and aretwisted/plied into continuous strands called yarns.3.9 corrosi
18、on inhibitorsadditives to the yarn or braid tofunction in a passive or sacrificial manner to reduce galvaniccorrosion such as embedded zinc powder, phosphorus, orbarium molybdate.3.10 detrimental materialsabrasive or chemically activeconstituents such as abrasive ash particles (in high ash contentfo
19、ils) or elemental materials as in Table 2.3.11 diagonal interlocking braidthese strands criss-crossfrom the surface of the braid diagonally through the body of thebraid and each strand is strongly locked by other strands toform an integral structure (see Fig. 1).3.12 dispersionvarious coatings or im
20、pregnants added tothe base fibers or braid to facilitate handling, lubricate thefibers, accelerate break-in, or act as blocking agents during use.3.13 graphite fibersfibers used in braided packing areproduced from viscose rayon, pitch, or polyacrylonitrile (PAN)and are defined as a yarn with a carbo
21、n assay of 99 % or higher.3.14 graphite yarnsmanufactured from continuous orstaple graphite fibers that are twisted or plied into continuousindividual strands between 6 to 18 m in diameter.3.15 lotall finished packing of one size, type, class, andgrade produced in a continuous run or at the same tim
22、e andunder essentially the same conditions.3.16 PA N polyacrylonitrile fibers used as precursors tomanufacture carbon/graphite for braided packing.3.17 PTFEpolytetrafluoroethylene. (WarningGraphitic valve packing containing PTFE has been associatedwith accelerated valve stem corrosion.)3.18 specific
23、 gravitythe ratio of the mass of a unit volumeof a material at a stated temperature to the mass of the samevolume of distilled water at the same temperature.3.19 square plait braidthe strands in this type of braidinterlock in a single plane and do not interlock through thebody of the braid (see Fig.
24、 1).3.20 staple carbon/graphiteindividual fibers are at least75 mm (3 in.) long and preferably 150 to 200 mm (6 to 8 in.)long.3.21 unravelinga loss of the original braiding shape ordimensions of the cut end extending from the cut for a distancegreater than that specified along the axis of the packin
25、g.4. Classification4.1 ClassificationThe material shall be of the followingtypes, classes, and grades, as specified (see 5.1):4.1.1 Type IContinuous carbon or graphite yarn.4.1.2 Type IIStaple carbon or graphite yarn.4.1.3 Type IIIBraided flexible graphite.4.1.3.1 Class 1For use where detrimental ma
26、terial andlubricant content of the packing need not be controlled beyondnormal manufacturing limits.4.1.3.2 Class 2For use where detrimental materials con-tent must be controlled to limits specified herein.4.1.3.3 Class 3For use where detrimental materials con-tent need not be controlled beyond norm
27、al manufacturinglimits, and media temperatures do not exceed 500F (260C).(1) Grade ATreated with corrosion inhibitor.(2) Grade BNo corrosion inhibitor.5. Ordering Information5.1 Acquisition RequirementsAcquisition documentsmust specify the following:5.1.1 Title, number, and date of this specificatio
28、n.5.1.2 Type, Class and Grade required (see Section 4).5.1.3 Carbon or graphite.5.1.4 Type of corrosion inhibitor.5.1.5 Chemical properties (see 7.1).5.1.6 Inspection, testing, and certification of the materialshall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier aspart of the purchase contrac
29、t.5.1.7 Size required (see 9.1). When pre-cut rings are de-sired, specify the braid cross-section, inside diameter, outsidediameter, and number of rings required.5.1.8 Put-up, if other than required by Table S4.1 (seeSupplementary Requirements).5.1.9 Application data.5.1.10 Packaging requirements (s
30、ee Section 18 and Supple-mentary Requirements).5.1.11 Marking requirements (see 17.1 and SupplementaryRequirements).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials and ManufactureThe material shall be asspecified in 6.1.1-6.1.5.TABLE 1 Chemical and Physical PropertiesProperty Value TestCarbon AssayGraphit
31、ic 99 % by mass, min. 13.4Carbon 95 % by mass, min. 13.4Ash 1 % by mass, max. 13.5Finished Packing (in as-supplied state):Specific gravity 1.38 g/cc, min. 13.6Moisture content 3 %, max. 13.7Compression recovery 25 %, min. 13.10TABLE 2 Detrimental Materials (Class 2 only (see 13.8)ElementMaximum Allo
32、wable TotalImpurity Levels inparts per million (ppm)Mercury (Hg) 10Sulfur (S) 750Total halogens (chlorine, bromine, and fluorine) 500Chlorine (Cl) 250Bromine (Br) 250Fluorine (F) 250F21910226.1.1 Yarn:6.1.1.1 Type I packing shall be made of continuous filamentcarbon or graphite yarn.6.1.1.2 Type II
33、shall be made of staple carbon or graphiteyarn.6.1.1.3 Type III shall be made of flexible graphite.6.1.2 Packing:6.1.2.1 Class 1 packing shall be made of Type I or Type IIyarn and shall have a pure graphitic dispersion or carbondispersion.6.1.2.2 Class 2 packing shall be made of Type I yarn andshall
34、 have a pure graphite or carbon dispersion.6.1.2.3 Class 3 packing shall be made of Type I or Type IIyarn and shall have a pure graphite, or carbon dispersion andmay be coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (see 7.2and 13.9).6.1.3 Coating and Corrosion Inhibiting Treatments:6.1.3.1 Grade AGrade
35、 A packing shall be provided with apowdered zinc (Zn) active corrosion inhibiting treatment or apassive inhibiting treatment such as phosphorus or bariummolybdate. If required, both active and passive inhibitors shallbe used.6.1.3.2 Grade BGrade B packing shall not contain corro-sion inhibiting addi
36、tives.6.1.4 Packing Construction (Type I and Type II)Packingshall be square (plait) braided for cross-sectional sizes smallerthan6mm(14 in.). Cross-sectional sizes of 6 mm (14 in.) orgreater shall use a diagonal interlocking type construction. Thediagonal interlocking constructions shall consist of
37、eithersingle or plied yarns braided on 12, 18, 20, 24, 32, or 36 carrierbraiding machines. Additional axial center, corner, and (stuffer)warp yarn(s) can be added within the braid as necessary toproduce a dense square cross-section packing profile with gooddimensional stability.6.1.5 Mercury Exclusi
38、onDuring manufacturing, fabrica-tion, handling, packaging, and packing, the packing materialshall not come in contact with mercury or mercury containingcompounds.7. Properties7.1 Chemical and Physical PropertiesUnless otherwisespecified, the properties of the finished packing shall conformto the req
39、uirements of Table 1. Class 2 also requires compli-ance with Table 2.FIG. 1 Packing ConstructionF21910237.2 PTFE Coating (Class 3 only)If PTFE is used, it shallnot exceed 10 % by mass of the packing (see 13.9) unlessotherwise agreed to by the purchaser. (WarningGraphiticvalve packing containing PTFE
40、 has been associated withaccelerated valve stem corrosion.)7.3 Prohibited AdditionsThere shall be no intentionaladditions of any of the detrimental materials listed in Table 2 orany antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd),gallium (Ga), indium (In), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), silver (Ag
41、),or tin (Sn), or, in the case of Grade B packing, zinc (Zn).8. Other Requirements8.1 Braid Geometry RetentionUntaped, cut ends shall notunravel more than 3 mm (18 in.) with the packing dry or wet(see 13.11). For example, packing 12 mm (12-in.) in crosssection shall not unravel more than 3 mm (18 in
42、.) at either endof the packing.9. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations9.1 Sizes and MassPacking shall be furnished in the sizesshown in Table 3, or other size(s) as is ordered by the customer,(see Section 5 and 6.1.4). Packing shall be formed approxi-mately square or rectangular in cross-sec
43、tion (either whenstraight or when placed about a shaft) within the dimensionaltolerances of Table 3. When specified in the purchase docu-ment (see 5.1 and 13.2), the mass per linear foot (or othermeasure) shall be in accordance with the sizes listed in Table 4.Sizes not listed in Table 4 shall be as
44、 agreed between purchaserand manufacturer and specified in Section 5, Ordering Infor-mation. Minimum mass per linear foot should be included as apart of the bid and purchase documents.9.1.1 Tolerance and Measurement StandardsThe gener-ally accepted method of measurements in the packing manu-facturin
45、g environment is a hand held, direct reading, verniercaliper. To ensure concentricity, the inside diameter is mea-sured using a ground dimensional plug gauge and the outsidediameter is measured by the above (caliper) while the plug isinserted. Information regarding tolerance and measurement isavaila
46、ble in the Guidelines for the Use of CompressionPackings published by the FSA.10. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance10.1 WorkmanshipThe packing shall be free of defectsthat have the potential to affect its serviceability as defined inTable 5.10.2 ConstructionThe sample shall be visually examinedand
47、confirmed to be of the correct braid construction (squareplait braid or diagonal interlocking braid) for the ordered size(see 5.1 and 6.1.4).11. Quality Assurance11.1 Quality SystemsManufacturers shall be prepared todocument use of a quality system such as compliance with anISO 9000 series program o
48、r similar program.12. Specimen Preparation12.1 Specimen PreparationBuyer and seller shall agreeon specimen preparation.13. Test Methods13.1 TestsIn the event that tests are required as part of thepurchasing requirements 5.1, tests shall be made in accordancewith the following tests or by way of alte
49、rnate methods ofanalysis with equal to or improved accuracy and precision. Theuse of an alternate analytical method requires the prior writtenconsent of the purchasing party before acceptance will beallowed.13.2 SizeBefore unbraiding, the size shall be determinedby measuring each sample selected for visual examination (seeTable 3). A steel rule with 1 mm (132 in.) divisions accurate to1mm(132 in.) or a steel slide caliper with 1 mm (132 in.) and0.5 mm (164 in.) divisions shall be used (see 9.1).13.3 MassThe mass shall be
