1、Designation: F 2192 05An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining and Reporting the Berthing Energy andReaction of Marine Fenders1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONA marine fender is an energy-absorbing device that is typically secured again
3、st the face of a marinefacility or a ships hull for the purpose of attenuating the forces inherent in arresting the motion ofberthing vessels safely. Most modern fenders fall into three general classifications based on thematerial used to absorb energy: (1) solid rubber fenders in which the material
4、 absorbs the energy, (2)pneumatic (air-filled) fenders in which air absorbs the energy, and (3) foam-filled fenders in which thefoam core absorbs the energy.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the recommended proceduresfor quantitative testing, reporting, and verifying the energyabsorption and react
5、ion force of marine fenders. Marinefenders are available in a variety of basic types with severalvariations of each type and multiple sizes and stiffnesses foreach variation. Depending on the particular design, marinefenders may also include integral components of steel, com-posites, plastics, or ot
6、her materials. All variations shall beperformance tested and reported according to this test method.1.2 There are three performance variables: berthing energy,reaction, and deflection. There are two methods used todevelop rated performance data (RPD) and published perfor-mance curves for the three p
7、erformance variables.1.3 The primary focus is on fenders used in berthside andship-to-ship applications for marine vessels. This testing pro-tocol does not address small fendering “bumpers” used inpleasure boat marinas, mounted to hulls of work boats, or usedin similar applications; it does not incl
8、ude durability testing. Itsprimary purpose is to ensure that engineering data reported inmanufacturers catalogues are based upon common testingmethods.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does no
9、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard
10、s:2E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Significance and Use3.1 General:3.1.1 All testing shall define fender performance undervelocities that decrease linearly or that are proportional to thesquare root of percent of remaining rated ene
11、rgy.3.1.2 Rated performance data (RPD) and manufacturerspublished performance curves or tables, or both, shall be basedon: (1) initial deflection (berthing) velocity of 0.15 m/s anddecreasing to no more than 0.005 m/s at test end, (2) testing offully broken-in fenders (break-in testing is not requir
12、ed forpneumatic fenders), (3) testing of fenders stabilized at 23 65C (excluding pneumatic fenders; see 6.3), (4) testing offenders at 0 angle of approach, and (5) deflection (berthing)frequency of not less than 1 h (use a minimum 5-min deflectionfrequency for pneumatic fenders.).3.1.3 Catalogues sh
13、all also include nominal performancetolerances as well as data and methodology to adjust perfor-mance curves or tables or both for application parametersdifferent from RPD conditions. Adjustment factors shall beprovided for the following variables: (1) other initial velocities:0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25
14、, and 0.30 m/s; (2) other temperatures:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Shipsand Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.07 onGeneral Requirements.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 2002.
15、 Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 2192 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyrig
16、ht ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.+50, +40, +30, +10, 0, 10, 20, 30; and (3) other contactangles: 3, 5, 8, 10, 15. In addition, RPD shall contain acautionary statement that published data do not necessarilyapply to constant-loa
17、d and cyclic-loading conditions. In suchcases, designers are to contact fender manufacturers for designassistance.3.1.4 Adjustment factors for velocity and temperature shallbe provided for every catalogue compound or other energyabsorbing material offered by each manufacturer.3.2 Fender TestingPerfo
18、rmance testing to establish RPDmust use either one of two methods:3.2.1 Method ADeflection of full-size fenders at velocitiesinversely proportional to the percent of rated deflection ordirectly proportional to the square root of percent of remainingrated energy. Test parameters shall be as defined f
19、or publishedRPD. RPD tests shall start at 0.15 m/s. Tests to establishadjustment factors for initial berthing velocities other than 0.15m/s shall start at those other initial velocities.3.2.2 Method BDeflection of full size fenders at constantvelocity with performance adjusted by velocity factors de
20、vel-oped from model tests. Velocity factors shall be the ratio ofperformance test results of models under the following condi-tions: (1) a constant strain rate similar to the strain rate of thefull-size fender at its test speed, and (2) decreasing speeddeflection with initial strain rate similar to
21、that of the full-sizefender under RPD deflection conditions.3.2.3 The RPD for pneumatic fenders shall be determinedusing either Method A or Method B with miniature-sizefenders; in which case, the compression performance of airshall be directly extrapolated from the test data of reducedscale models.4
22、. Apparatus4.1 The test apparatus shall be equipped with load cell(s)and linear transducer(s) capable of providing continuous moni-toring of fender performance. The test apparatus shall becapable of recording and storing load-cell and transducer dataat intervals of 0.01 H, where H is a fenders nomin
23、al height,and storing manually entered inputs. Output information shallinclude, as a minimum:4.1.1 Serial number and description of test item,4.1.2 Date, time at start, and time at end of test,4.1.3 Location of test facility and test apparatus ID,4.1.4 Stabilization temperature of test specimen,4.1.
24、5 Test ambient temperature, and4.1.6 Graphic plot(s) of: (1) deflection velocity versusdeflection (optional) (If not plotted, deflection velocity and itscharacteristics shall be separately noted.), (2) reaction versusdeflection, and (3) energy versus deflection.4.2 For fender tests, all equipment us
25、ed to measure andrecord force and deflection shall be calibrated and certifiedaccurate to within 61 %, in accordance with ISO or equivalentJIS or ASTM requirements. Calibration shall be performedwithin one year of the use of the equipment, or less, if thenormal calibration interval is shorter than o
26、ne year. Calibrationof test apparatus shall be performed by a qualified third-partyorganization, using instrumentation that is traceable to acertified, national standard.4.3 The test apparatus shall deflect specimens according toSection 5.5. Procedure5.1 The performance test shall deflect specimens
27、accordingto either of the two methods listed below. Clear and unambigu-ous calculations must be provided for any adjustments made tothe test results.5.2 Method A:NOTE 1Steps 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 do not apply to pneumatic fenders. Step5.2.3 may be omitted for pneumatic fenders, provided internal pressure
28、isadjusted to the manufacturers specified value for the ambient testtemperature.5.2.1 Break in the specimen by deflecting it three or moretimes to its rated deflection, or more, as recommended by themanufacturer.5.2.2 Remove load from specimen and allow it to “recover”for1hormore, as recommended by
29、manufacturer.5.2.3 Before conducting performance test, stabilize fendertemperature in accordance with 6.1. Temperature-stabilizingtime can include time for 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.5.2.4 Deflect specimen once at a continuously decreasingdeflection velocity as defined in one of the equations below:V 5 V0D 2 d
30、!/D or 0.005 m/s whichever is greater (1)orV 5 V0=E 2 e!/E or 0.005 m/s whichever is greater (2)where:V = instantaneous deflection velocity of fender,V0= initial deflection velocity, where V0= 0.05, 0.10,0.15, 0.20, 0.25, or 0.30 m/s,D = rated deflection,d = instantaneous deflection,E = rated energy
31、 absorption of fender, kN/m, ande = instantaneous running total of energy absorbed,kN/m.Initial velocity shall be appropriate for particular testingpurpose.5.2.5 Stop test when deflection reaches rated deflection, ormore, as recommended by the manufacturer.5.2.6 Adjust performance to rating temperat
32、ure (23 6 5C),if required, or to desired application temperature by multiply-ing both energy and reaction results by temperature factor (TF)(see 6.3).5.3 Method B:NOTE 2Steps 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 do not apply to pneumatic fenders. Step5.3.3 may be omitted for pneumatic fenders, provided internal pressure
33、 isadjusted to the manufacturers specified value for the ambient testtemperature.5.3.1 Break in specimen by deflecting three or more times toits rated deflection, or more, as recommended by the manufac-turer.5.3.2 Remove load from specimen and allow it to “recover”for1hormore, as recommended by manu
34、facturer.5.3.3 Before conducting performance test, stabilize fendertemperature in accordance with 6.1. Temperature-stabilizingtime can include time for 5.3.1 and 5.3.2.F21920525.3.4 Deflect specimen once at a constant deflection veloc-ity.5.3.5 Stop test when deflection reaches rated deflection, orm
35、ore, as recommended by the manufacturer.5.3.6 Adjust performance to rated temperature (23 6 5C),if required, or to desired application temperature by multiply-ing both energy and reaction results by temperature factor (TF)(see 6.3).5.3.7 Adjust performance to RPD initial deflection velocity(0.15 m/s
36、) or to desired initial berthing velocity, if required, bymultiplying both energy and reaction results by velocity factor(VF) (see 6.2).6. Supporting Procedures6.1 Temperature Stabilization:6.1.1 Test temperature for full-size specimens is defined asthe same as stabilization temperature, as long as
37、ambienttemperature at test apparatus is within 615C of stabilizationtemperature and testing is completed within2hofthespecimens removal from the temperature-controlled environ-ment.6.1.2 To stabilize temperature, store specimen at a constanttemperature 65C. Record air temperature of space wherespeci
38、men is stored within3mofspecimen surface, eithercontinuously or twice a day, no less than 10 h apart.6.1.3 Stabilization time shall be not less than 20x1.5days ormore as recommended by the manufacturer, rounded to thenext whole day (x = dimension of greatest rubber thickness, inmeters), after curing
39、 plus 20x1.5days, rounded to the nextwhole day, after being in an ambient temperature differing fromstabilization temperature by more than 10C for more than 8 h.6.2 Velocity Factor (VF)One of the following protocolsshall be followed to determine VF for every combination offender configuration, initi
40、al velocity other than RPD velocity,fender element standoff and energy-absorbing material. Speci-mens for determining VF may be either full-size fenders ormodels, as noted below. Pneumatic fenders do not require aVF.6.2.1 Method ATesting of full-size fenders at actual,decreasing rate deflection velo
41、city.6.2.1.1 Test full-size fenders per 5.2 at 0.15-m/s initialvelocity and 23 6 5C.6.2.1.2 Repeat at other initial velocities.6.2.1.3 Derive the VFs from the data in 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.1.2per the following method:(1) Energy velocity factor and reaction velocity factor byMethod A, VFeaand VFra, shall b
42、e defined by the followingequations:VFea5 Ev/ERPD(3)VFra5 Rv/RRPD(4)where:Ev= energy at other initial velocity per 6.2.1.2,ERPD= energy at the RPD initial velocity per 6.2.1.1,Rv= reaction at other initial velocity per 6.2.1.2, andRRPD= reaction at the RPD initial velocity per 6.2.1.1.(2) Corrected
43、energy and reaction performance is thencalculated by the following equations:Ea5 ERPD3 VFea(5)Ra5 RRPD3 VFra(6)where:Ea= energy at alternative initial velocity,Ra= reaction at alternative initial velocity,ERPD= energy at RPD initial velocity, andRRPD= reaction at RPD initial velocity.6.2.2 Method BT
44、esting of model at both constant anddecreasing strain rates.6.2.2.1 Calculate the strain rate of the full-size fender whenit is deflected at the constant velocity of 0.0003 to 0.0013 m/s(2 to 8 cm/min).6.2.2.2 Test the model, per 5.3,at236 5C, at the strainrate calculated in 6.2.2.1 (610 %).6.2.2.3
45、Calculate the initial strain rate of the full-size fenderwhen it is deflected at the desired initial berthing velocity.6.2.2.4 Test the same model used in 6.2.2.2 per 5.3,at2365C, beginning at the initial strain rate calculated in 6.2.2.3(610 %).6.2.2.5 Derive velocity factors for energy and reactio
46、n, VFeand VFr, from the data in 6.2.2.2 and 6.2.2.4 per the followingequations:VFr5 Rv/Rtest(7)VFe5 Ev/Etest(8)where:Ev= energy per 6.2.2.4,Etest= energy per 6.2.2.2,Rv= reaction per 6.2.2.4, andRtest= reaction per 6.2.2.2.6.3 Temperature Factor (TF)Temperature factors (TF) forpneumatic fenders may
47、be calculated using ideal gas laws. Forevery urethane, foam or rubber compound, the TFs shall bedetermined by the following procedure.6.3.1 Conduct standard performance tests on temperature-stabilized specimens using either Method A or Method B, perone of the two methods described below:6.3.1.1 (A)S
48、tabilize specimens at test temperature per6.1.2 and 6.1.3. Specimens shall be either full-size fenders ormodels not smaller than 0.1 m in height. Test specimens in testapparatus maintained at test temperature for duration of test.6.3.1.2 (B)Stabilize specimens at test temperature per6.1.2 and 6.1.3.
49、 Specimens shall be either full-size fenders ormodels not smaller than 0.3 m in height. Test specimens atroom temperature. Test must be completed within 15 min ofsamples removal from temperature-controlled environment.6.3.2 Specimens shall be stabilized at the following tem-peratures: 30, 20, 10, 0, +10, +23, +30, +40, and +50C.The TFs for each of these temperatures, TFt, wheretis thenumber designating the reference temperature, shall then becalculated by the following equations:TFt5 Rt/R23(9)TFe5 Et/E23(10)where:Rt= reaction at temperature other
