1、Designation: F 2223 04e1An American National StandardStandard Guide forASTM Standards on Playground Surfacing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEMercury caveat was added editorially (1.5) in July 2007.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers standards for selecting and specifying
3、surface systems under and around playground equipment.1.2 This guide describes how to apply existing ASTMstandards to evaluate the impact attenuation, accessibilitycharacteristics and product characteristics when selecting sur-facing systems for use under and around playground equip-ment.1.3 This gu
4、ide does not imply that an injury cannot beincurred when the surface system complies with standardsreferred to in this guide.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for informa-tion only.1.5 WarningMercury has been designated by
5、EPA andmany state agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury-containing products. See the applicable product Ma-t
6、erial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs website(http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional informa-tion. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited bystate law.1.6 This standard does not purport to address al
7、l of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 963 Consumer Safet
8、y Specification for Toy SafetyF 1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of SurfaceSystems Under and Around Playground EquipmentF 1487 Consumer Safety Performance Specification forPlayground Equipment for Public UseF 1918 Safety Performance Specification for Soft Con-tained Play EquipmentF 1951 Spe
9、cification for Determination of Accessibility ofSurface Systems Under and Around Playground Equip-mentF 2075 Specification for Engineered Wood Fiber for Use asa Playground Safety Surface Under and Around Play-ground Equipment2.2 Canadian Standard:CSA Z614 Childrens Playspaces and Equipment32.3 Gover
10、nment Publications:CPSC (US Consumer Product Safety Commission) Hand-book for Public Playground Safety, Pub. No. 3254US Code of Federal Regulations Part 3, 36 CFR Part1191 Americans with Disabilities Act AccessibilityGuidelines: Play Areas: (Final Rule)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific
11、 to This Standard:3.1.1 accelerationthe time rate of change of velocity.3.1.2 critical heightthe maximum height in full feet for asurfacing system that, when tested in accordance with Speci-fication F 1292, no value shall exceed 200 g-max or 1000 HIC.3.1.3 decelerationthe time rate of reduction of v
12、elocity.3.1.4 drop heightthe distance from which the instru-mented headform is released to the surface.3.1.5 fall heightthe vertical distance between a designatedplay surface of the play equipment and the protective surfacingbeneath it. In the case of swings, the vertical distance from thepivot poin
13、t for the swinging element to the protective surfacebeneath it. The playground standard that has relevant jurisdic-tion should be consulted with relation to specific play struc-tures.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct respo
14、nsibility of Subcommittee F08.63 onPlayground Surfacing Systems.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F 2223 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Serv
15、ice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,Toronto, ON Canada M9W1R3.4Available from the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washi
16、ngton, DC20207, website: www.cpsc.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.6 gacceleration due to gravity at the earths surface atsea level (32 ft/s2(9.8 m/s2).3.1.7 g-maxthe multiple of g that represents a maximumdece
17、leration experienced during an initial impact.3.1.8 headformthe striking part of testing apparatus.3.1.9 head injury criteria (HIC)a measure of impactseverity that considers the duration over which the most criticalsection of the deceleration pulse persists as well as the peaklevel of deceleration.3
18、.1.10 impact attenuationthe ability of a surface to reduceand dissipate the energy of an impacting body.3.1.11 impact velocitythe velocity of a falling body im-mediately prior to striking the surface.3.1.12 loose fill systema surface system consisting ofsmall independent, moveable components such as
19、 sand, gravel,wood chips, engineered wood fiber, rubber particles, and likematerials.3.1.13 surface systemall materials that contribute to theimpact absorption of force to minimize the likelihood of a lifethreatening head injury under and around a piece of playgroundequipment.3.1.14 theoretical drop
20、 heightequates the measured ve-locity of the headform to a height that would generate the samevelocity if the test were performed at sea level and there was nofriction to retard the headform during a drop from that height.3.1.15 unitary systema surface system consisting of oneor more components boun
21、d together, such as foam composites,urethane/rubber systems such as prefabricated blocks, tiles, ormats or as poured in place, and like materials.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is to be used to assist the playgroundowner/operator, specifier, designer, etc., in determining theproperties that c
22、an be considered with regard to the protectivesurfacing in the playground. It is the intent to outline therequirements associated with design, installation, and mainte-nance of the surface. This is not a technical document andtechnical information must be found in the various standards.5. Background
23、 and Rationale5.1 Since 1986, ASTM has been involved in the ongoingdevelopment and publishing of a standard specification for theimpact attenuation of the surface systems installed under andaround playground equipment. This is the work of the F08.63subcommittee on playground surfaces. This subcommit
24、teeconsists of a broad spectrum of members including testinglaboratory personnel, scientists, engineers, manufacturers,safety experts, and owner/operators of playgrounds.5.2 In 1986, Subcommittee F08.63 was given the responsi-bility to respond to the need for a standard for the impact-attenuating su
25、rface under and around playground equipment.Specification F 1292 was first published in 1991. Since then,the specification has been revised five times in 93, 94, 95,96, and 99.5.3 In 1998, the subcommittee published a provisionalstandard specification (PS 83) for determination of accessibil-ity for
26、wheelchair access of surface systems under and aroundplayground equipment. The standard was elevated to a fullstandard (see Specification F 1951) in 1999.6. Factors to Consider in the Selection and Specificationof Surface Systems6.1 Types of MaterialEvery surface system is unique inmaterial, formula
27、tion, composition, and source of raw materi-als and should be tested to confirm conformance with theASTM specifications as identified within this guide (Specifi-cations F 1292, F 1951, and F 2075).7. Impact Attenuation7.1 The initial work of Subcommittee F08.63 was especiallyimportant since injuries
28、 sustained from falls to the surface weredetermined to be 60 % of all playground injuries.7.2 There are two measurements considered in the guide.The first is the g-max and the second is the HIC or Head InjuryCriteria. It should be recognized that serious injuries (forexample, long bone injuries and
29、so forth) might occur eventhough the playground surfacing system meets the require-ments of Specification F 1292. Lower values of g-max and HICsignify better performance for impact absorption.7.3 The g-maxThe g-max is the measurement of the peakdeceleration of an instrumented metal headform when iti
30、mpacts the surface. When the object falls from the same heightonto a hard surface such as concrete, the impact duration willbe very short and therefore the peak deceleration (g-max) willbe high, but an impact on a resilient surface that yields anddeforms with the force, results in a longer impact an
31、d a lowerpeak deceleration (g-max).7.4 Head Injury Criteria (HIC)A measure of impactseverity that considers the duration over which the most criticalsection of the deceleration pulse persists as well as the peaklevel of the deceleration.7.5 Critical HeightThe maximum height from which theinstrumente
32、d metal headform, upon impact, yields either ag-max that does not exceed 200 gs or HIC exceeding 1000,when tested in accordance with the procedure described inSpecification F 1292. The United States Consumer ProductSafety Commission states that “critical heightthe fall heightbelow which a life-threa
33、tening head injury would not beexpected to occur.”7.5.1 The surfacing material used under and around aparticular piece of playground equipment should have a criticalheight value of at least the height of the highest designated playsurface on the equipment.7.5.2 The CPSC Handbook for Public Playgroun
34、d Safety(see 2.3), Specification F 1487 for play structures, as well asother national standards (see Section 2), provide fall heights forvarious pieces of playground equipment.7.6 Testing:7.6.1 Laboratory Testing (Three Temperatures)Specification F 1292 recognizes that children play in climateswith
35、diverse temperature ranges. For this reason, the materialsthat are used under playground equipment are required to betested in a laboratory at the temperatures of 30F, 72F, and120F (1C, 23C, and 49C) to determine the height fromwhich the g-max does not exceed 200 or the HIC does notexceed 1000. The
36、determination of this height is the criticalheight. When selecting an appropriate playground surfacesystem, the owner, specifier, or purchaser, or a combinationF222304e12thereof, of the playground should ensure that the critical heightmeets or exceeds the fall height.7.6.2 Minimum Performance Standa
37、rdsSpecificationF 1292 states that the pass/fail measurements for the specifi-cation are minimums.7.6.3 Field TestingSpecification F 1292 allows for theperformance testing of the playground surface in the field. Boththe g-max must not exceed 200 and the HIC must not exceed1000 (the same as the labor
38、atory test). The fall height isdetermined by the appropriate playground equipment standard(for example, in the United States, Specification F 1487,inCanada, CSA Z614), however, the purchaser may specify ahigher drop height consistent with the specification at the timeof purchase. The specification r
39、equires that the drops take placeat a minimum of three locations for each play structure orfunctionally linked play structures in a playground site andshall include those areas that may exhibit less than optimalimpact characteristics. These areas may be high traffic orcompressed areas as well as are
40、as containing seams, partitions,corners and fasteners, or anchors. The equipment operator shallbe trained in the proper orientation of the test instrument by acompetent agency.7.6.3.1 A failure for impact attenuation of the field test willbe where the average of the last two of three drops at the ex
41、actsame location and drop height using the procedure in thestandard from the drop height specified by the purchaser for thesurface produces a g-max greater than or equal to 200 or a HICgreater than or equal to 1000. These tests can be carried out atany ambient temperature. If the surface fails, the
42、guide requiresthe owner/operator of the playground to repair or replace thefailed surface with a surface that will comply with the standardor take the applicable part of the playground (play structure andsurface) out of service until the surface can be brought intocompliance.7.6.4 The guide allows f
43、or the surface material to be testedin a laboratory to simulate wet and frozen conditions.8. Accessibility for Persons With Disabilities8.1 In 1996, it was determined that there was a need for aperformance standard to determine the suitability of surfacingfor persons with disabilities. The result wa
44、s SpecificationF 1951.8.2 Laboratory TestingThe tests for determining accessi-bility for surfacing materials are performed on a prepared testbed of the material being tested. Testing is performed with thesample temperature in the range of 40 to 100F. A rider,weighing 165 + 11 4.4 lb, propels a wheel
45、chair in a straightline, as well as turning 90, on the sample surface. Five trialsare run for each test, with the high and low values discarded,and an average is taken from the remaining three. For loose fillsystems, the sample is prepared each time the test is performed.The work per foot required t
46、o navigate on the surface shall notexceed the work per foot required to navigate a 7.1 6 0.2 %grade on a hard, smooth surface. The owner/operator of theloose fill surface material that meets Specification F 1951 mustunderstand that maintenance such as smoothing and filling ofdepressions as a result
47、of traffic and active play will berequired.8.2.1 Minimum Performance StandardsSpecificationF 1951 states that the pass/fail measurements for the standardare minimums. A requirement of Specification F 1951 is thatthe surface must also meet the requirements of SpecificationF 1292.9. Criteria for Engin
48、eered Wood Fiber9.1 In 2001, Subcommittee F08.63 approved and ASTMsubsequently published a new specification, SpecificationF 2075 that describes the technical requirements for engineeredwood fiber. There are a number of tests performed on thesubject material and the owner/operator should request tes
49、tcertificates. This specification ensures the quality of product.9.2 Laboratory TestingThe testing for this guide is per-formed in the laboratory for particle size and distribution,heavy metals, and tramp metal, and at the manufacturingfacility.9.2.1 Sieve AnalysisTesting is done by passing the mate-rial through a specified number of sieves to determine % ofeach particle size in the sample of the engineered wood fiber.The specification states the acceptable values.9.2.2 Hazardous MetalsHeavy metals, such as, but notlimited to, lead a
