1、Designation: F 2223 09An American National StandardStandard Guide forASTM Standards on Playground Surfacing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers standards for selecting and specifyingsurface systems under and around playground equipment.1.2 This gu
3、ide describes how to apply existing ASTMstandards to evaluate the impact attenuation, accessibilitycharacteristics and product characteristics when selecting sur-facing systems for use under and around playground equip-ment.1.3 This guide does not imply that an injury cannot beincurred when the surf
4、ace system complies with standardsreferred to in this guide.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 WarningMercury has be
5、en designated by EPA andmany state agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury-containing products. See the applic
6、able product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs website(http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional informa-tion. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited bystate law.1.6 This standard does not purp
7、ort to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 9
8、63 Consumer Safety Specification for Toy SafetyF 1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of SurfacingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF 1487 Consumer Safety Performance Specification forPlayground Equipment for Public UseF 1918 Safety Performance Specification for Soft Con-tain
9、ed Play EquipmentF 1951 Specification for Determination of Accessibility ofSurface Systems Under and Around Playground Equip-mentF 2075 Specification for Engineered Wood Fiber for Use asa Playground Safety Surface Under and Around Play-ground EquipmentF 2479 Guide for Specification, Purchase, Instal
10、lation andMaintenance of Poured-In-Place Playground Surfacing2.2 Canadian Standard:CSA Z614 Childrens Playspaces and Equipment32.3 Government Publications:CPSC (US Consumer Product Safety Commission) Hand-book for Public Playground Safety, Pub. No. 3254US Code of Federal Regulations Part 3, 36 CFR P
11、art1191 Americans with Disabilities Act AccessibilityGuidelines: Play Areas: (Final Rule)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 accelerationthe time rate of change of velocity.3.1.2 critical heightthe maximum height in full feet for asurfacing system that, when tested
12、 in accordance with Speci-fication F 1292, no value shall exceed 200 g-max or 1000 HIC.3.1.3 decelerationthe time rate of reduction of velocity.3.1.4 drop heightthe distance from which the instru-mented headform is released to the surface.3.1.5 fall heightthe vertical distance between a designatedpl
13、ay surface of the play equipment and the protective surfacingbeneath it. In the case of swings, the vertical distance from thepivot point for the swinging element to the protective surfacebeneath it. The playground standard that has relevant jurisdic-tion should be consulted with relation to specifi
14、c play struc-tures.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.63 onPlayground Surfacing Systems.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previ
15、ous edition approved in 2004 as F 2223 041.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Ca
16、nadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,Toronto, ON Canada M9W1R3.4Available from the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC20207, website: www.cpsc.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.6
17、gacceleration due to gravity at the earths surface atsea level (32 ft/s2(9.8 m/s2).3.1.7 g-maxthe multiple of g that represents a maximumdeceleration experienced during an initial impact.3.1.8 headformthe striking part of testing apparatus.3.1.9 head injury criteria (HIC)a measure of impactseverity
18、that considers the duration over which the most criticalsection of the deceleration pulse persists as well as the peaklevel of deceleration.3.1.10 impact attenuationthe ability of a surface to reduceand dissipate the energy of an impacting body.3.1.11 impact velocitythe velocity of a falling body im
19、-mediately prior to striking the surface.3.1.12 loose fill systema surface system consisting ofsmall independent, moveable components such as sand, gravel,wood chips, engineered wood fiber, rubber particles, and likematerials.3.1.13 surface systemall materials that contribute to theimpact absorption
20、 of force to minimize the likelihood of a lifethreatening head injury under and around a piece of playgroundequipment.3.1.14 theoretical drop heightequates the measured ve-locity of the headform to a height that would generate the samevelocity if the test were performed at sea level and there was no
21、friction to retard the headform during a drop from that height.3.1.15 unitary systema surface system consisting of oneor more components bound together, such as foam composites,urethane/rubber systems such as prefabricated blocks, tiles, ormats or as poured in place, and like materials.4. Significan
22、ce and Use4.1 This guide is to be used to assist the playgroundowner/operator, specifier, designer, etc., in determining theproperties that can be considered with regard to the protectivesurfacing in the playground. It is the intent to outline therequirements associated with design, installation, an
23、d mainte-nance of the surface. This is not a technical document andtechnical information must be found in the various standards.5. Background and Rationale5.1 Since 1986, ASTM has been involved in the ongoingdevelopment and publishing of a standard specification for theimpact attenuation of the surf
24、ace systems installed under andaround playground equipment. This is the work of the F08.63subcommittee on playground surfaces. This subcommitteeconsists of a broad spectrum of members including testinglaboratory personnel, scientists, engineers, manufacturers,safety experts, and owner/operators of p
25、laygrounds.5.2 In 1986, Subcommittee F08.63 was given the responsi-bility to respond to the need for a standard for the impact-attenuating surface under and around playground equipment.Specification F 1292 was first published in 1991. Since then,the specification has been revised five times in 93, 9
26、4, 95,96, and 99.5.3 In 1998, the subcommittee published a provisionalstandard specification (PS 83) for determination of accessibil-ity for wheelchair access of surface systems under and aroundplayground equipment. The standard was elevated to a fullstandard (see Specification F 1951) in 1999.6. Fa
27、ctors to Consider in the Selection and Specificationof Surface Systems6.1 Types of MaterialEvery surface system is unique inmaterial, formulation, composition, and source of raw materi-als and should be tested to confirm conformance with theASTM specifications as identified within this guide (Specif
28、i-cations F 1292, F 1951, and F 2075).7. Impact Attenuation7.1 The initial work of Subcommittee F08.63 was especiallyimportant since injuries sustained from falls to the surface weredetermined to be 60 % of all playground injuries.7.2 There are two measurements considered in the guide.The first is t
29、he g-max and the second is the HIC or Head InjuryCriteria. It should be recognized that serious injuries (forexample, long bone injuries and so forth) might occur eventhough the playground surfacing system meets the require-ments of Specification F 1292. Lower values of g-max and HICsignify better p
30、erformance for impact absorption.7.3 The g-maxThe g-max is the measurement of the peakdeceleration of an instrumented metal headform when itimpacts the surface. When the object falls from the same heightonto a hard surface such as concrete, the impact duration willbe very short and therefore the pea
31、k deceleration (g-max) willbe high, but an impact on a resilient surface that yields anddeforms with the force, results in a longer impact and a lowerpeak deceleration (g-max).7.4 Head Injury Criteria (HIC)A measure of impactseverity that considers the duration over which the most criticalsection of
32、 the deceleration pulse persists as well as the peaklevel of the deceleration.7.5 Critical HeightThe maximum height from which theinstrumented metal headform, upon impact, yields either ag-max that does not exceed 200 gs or HIC exceeding 1000,when tested in accordance with the procedure described in
33、Specification F 1292. The United States Consumer ProductSafety Commission states that “critical heightthe fall heightbelow which a life-threatening head injury would not beexpected to occur.”7.5.1 The surfacing material used under and around aparticular piece of playground equipment should have a cr
34、iticalheight value of at least the height of the highest designated playsurface on the equipment.7.5.2 The CPSC Handbook for Public Playground Safety(see 2.3), Specification F 1487 for play structures, as well asother national standards (see Section 2), provide fall heights forvarious pieces of play
35、ground equipment.7.6 Testing:7.6.1 Laboratory Testing (Three Temperatures)Specification F 1292 recognizes that children play in climateswith diverse temperature ranges. For this reason, the materialsthat are used under playground equipment are required to betested in a laboratory at the temperatures
36、 of 30F, 72F, and120F (1C, 23C, and 49C) to determine the height fromwhich the g-max does not exceed 200 or the HIC does notexceed 1000. The determination of this height is the criticalheight. When selecting an appropriate playground surfacesystem, the owner, specifier, or purchaser, or a combinatio
37、nF2223092thereof, of the playground should ensure that the critical heightmeets or exceeds the fall height.7.6.2 Minimum Performance StandardsSpecificationF 1292 states that the pass/fail measurements for the specifi-cation are minimums.7.6.3 Field TestingSpecification F 1292 allows for theperforman
38、ce testing of the playground surface in the field. Boththe g-max must not exceed 200 and the HIC must not exceed1000 (the same as the laboratory test). The fall height isdetermined by the appropriate playground equipment standard(for example, in the United States, Specification F 1487,inCanada, CSA
39、Z614), however, the purchaser may specify ahigher drop height consistent with the specification at the timeof purchase. The specification requires that the drops take placeat a minimum of three locations for each play structure orfunctionally linked play structures in a playground site andshall incl
40、ude those areas that may exhibit less than optimalimpact characteristics. These areas may be high traffic orcompressed areas as well as areas containing seams, partitions,corners and fasteners, or anchors. The equipment operator shallbe trained in the proper orientation of the test instrument by aco
41、mpetent agency.7.6.3.1 A failure for impact attenuation of the field test willbe where the average of the last two of three drops at the exactsame location and drop height using the procedure in thestandard from the drop height specified by the purchaser for thesurface produces a g-max greater than
42、or equal to 200 or a HICgreater than or equal to 1000. These tests can be carried out atany ambient temperature. If the surface fails, the guide requiresthe owner/operator of the playground to repair or replace thefailed surface with a surface that will comply with the standardor take the applicable
43、 part of the playground (play structure andsurface) out of service until the surface can be brought intocompliance.7.6.4 The guide allows for the surface material to be testedin a laboratory to simulate wet and frozen conditions.8. Wheelchair Work Measure for Accessible SurfacingSystems8.1 In 1996,
44、it was determined that there was a need for aperformance standard to determine the suitability of surfacingfor persons with disabilities. The result was SpecificationF 1951.8.2 Laboratory TestingThe tests for determining accessi-bility for surfacing materials are performed on a prepared testbed of t
45、he material being tested. Testing is performed with thesample temperature in the range of 40 to 100F. A rider,weighing 165 + 11 4.4 lb, propels a wheelchair in a straightline, as well as turning 90, on the sample surface. Five trialsare run for each test, with the high and low values discarded,and a
46、n average is taken from the remaining three. For loose fillsystems, the sample is prepared each time the test is performed.The work per foot required to navigate on the surface shall notexceed the work per foot required to navigate a 7.1 6 0.2 %grade on a hard, smooth surface. The owner/operator of
47、theloose fill surface material that meets Specification F 1951 mustunderstand that maintenance such as smoothing and filling ofdepressions as a result of traffic and active play will berequired.8.2.1 Minimum Performance StandardsSpecificationF 1951 states that the pass/fail measurements for the stan
48、dardare minimums. A requirement of Specification F 1951 is thatthe surface must also meet the requirements of SpecificationF 1292.9. Criteria for Engineered Wood Fiber9.1 In 2001, Subcommittee F08.63 approved and ASTMsubsequently published a new specification, SpecificationF 2075 that describes the
49、technical requirements for engineeredwood fiber. There are a number of tests performed on thesubject material and the owner/operator should request testcertificates. This specification ensures the quality of product.9.2 Laboratory TestingThe testing for this guide is per-formed in the laboratory for particle size and distribution,heavy metals, and tramp metal, and at the manufacturingfacility.9.2.1 Sieve AnalysisTesting is done by passing the mate-rial through a specified number of sieves to determine % ofeach particle size in the sa
