1、Designation: F2223 10F2223 15 An American National StandardStandard Guide forASTM Standards on Playground Surfacing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers standards for selecting and specifying surface systems under and around playground equipment.1.2
3、 This guide describes how to apply existing ASTM standards to evaluate the impact attenuation, accessibility characteristicsand product characteristics when selecting surfacing systems for use under and around playground equipment.1.3 This guide does not imply that an injury cannot be incurred when
4、the surface system complies with standards referred toin this guide.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 WarningMerc
5、ury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. S
6、ee the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for details and EPAs website (http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.1.6 This standard do
7、es not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stand
8、ards:2C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse AggregatesE1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES),FlameAtomicAbsorption Spectrometry (FAAS), or Graphite FurnaceAtomicAbsorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) TechniquesF963 C
9、onsumer Safety Specification for Toy SafetyF1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF1487 Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Playground Equipment for Public UseF1918 Safety Performance Specification for Soft Contained Pla
10、y EquipmentF1951 Specification for Determination of Accessibility of Surface Systems Under and Around Playground EquipmentF2075 Specification for Engineered Wood Fiber for Use as a Playground Safety Surface Under and Around PlaygroundEquipmentF2479 Guide for Specification, Purchase, Installation and
11、 Maintenance of Poured-In-Place Playground SurfacingF3012 Specification for Loose-Fill Rubber for Use as a Playground Safety Surface under and around Playground Equipment2.2 Canadian Standard:CSA Z614 Childrens Playspaces and Equipment31 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on
12、Sports Equipment Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.63 on Playground Surfacing Systems.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010Oct. 1, 2015. Published November 2010November 2015. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in
13、20092010as F2223 09.F2223 10. DOI: 10.1520/F2223-10.10.1520/F2223-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM
14、website.3 Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd., Toronto, ON Canada M9W1R3.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be te
15、chnically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
16、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 Government Publications:CPSC (US Consumer Product Safety Commission) Handbook for Public Playground Safety, Pub. No. 3254EPA Method 3050B Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soil5EPA Method 3051A Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion
17、of Sediments, Sludges, Soils, and oils5EPA Method 6010B 5EPA Method 7470A Mercury in Liquid Wastes (Manual Cold-Vapor Technique)516 CFR 1500.48 Technical requirements for determining a sharp point in toys and other articles intended for use by childrenunder 8 years of age6US Code of Federal Regulati
18、ons Part 3, 36 CFR Part 1191 Americans with DisabilitiesActAccessibility Guidelines: PlayAreas:(Final Rule)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 accelerationthe time rate of change of velocity.3.1.2 critical heightthe maximum height in full feet for a surfacing syste
19、m that, when tested in accordance with SpecificationF1292, no value shall exceed 200 g -max or 1000 HIC.3.1.3 decelerationthe time rate of reduction of velocity.3.1.4 drop heightthe distance from which the instrumented headform is released to the surface.3.1.5 fall heightthe vertical distance betwee
20、n a designated play surface of the play equipment and the protective surfacingbeneath it. In the case of swings, the vertical distance from the pivot point for the swinging element to the protective surfacebeneath it. The playground standard that has relevant jurisdiction should be consulted with re
21、lation to specific play structures.3.1.6 gacceleration due to gravity at the earths surface at sea level (32 ft/s2 (9.8 m/s2).3.1.7 g-maxthe multiple of g that represents a maximum deceleration experienced during an initial impact.3.1.8 headformthe striking part of testing apparatus.3.1.9 head injur
22、y criteria (HIC)a measure of impact severity that considers the duration over which the most critical sectionof the deceleration pulse persists as well as the peak level of deceleration.3.1.10 impact attenuationthe ability of a surface to reduce and dissipate the energy of an impacting body.3.1.11 i
23、mpact velocitythe velocity of a falling body immediately prior to striking the surface.3.1.12 loose fill systema surface system consisting of small independent, moveable components such as sand, gravel, woodchips, engineered wood fiber, rubber particles, and like materials.3.1.13 surface systemall m
24、aterials that contribute to the impact absorption of force to minimize the likelihood of a lifethreatening head injury under and around a piece of playground equipment.3.1.14 theoretical drop heightequates the measured velocity of the headform to a height that would generate the same velocityif the
25、test were performed at sea level and there was no friction to retard the headform during a drop from that height.3.1.15 unitary systema surface system consisting of one or more components bound together, such as foam composites,urethane/rubber systems such as prefabricated blocks, tiles, or mats or
26、as poured in place, and like materials.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is to be used to assist the playground owner/operator, specifier, designer, etc., in determining the properties thatcan be considered with regard to the protective surfacing in the playground. It is the intent to outline th
27、e requirements associatedwith design, installation, and maintenance of the surface. This is not a technical document and technical information must be foundin the various standards.5. Background and Rationale5.1 Since 1986,ASTM has been involved in the ongoing development and publishing of a standar
28、d specification for the impactattenuation of the surface systems installed under and around playground equipment. This is the work of the F08.63 subcommitteeon playground surfaces. This subcommittee consists of a broad spectrum of members including testing laboratory personnel,scientists, engineers,
29、 manufacturers, safety experts, and owner/operators of playgrounds.4 Available from the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC 20207, website: www.cpsc.gov.5 Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, W
30、ashington, DC 20460,http:/www.epa.gov.6 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.F2223 1525.2 In 1986, Subcommittee F08.63 was given the responsibility to respond to the need for a standar
31、d for the impact-attenuatingsurface under and around playground equipment. Specification F1292 was first published in 1991. Since then, the specification hasbeen revised five times in 93, 94, 95, 96, and 99.5.3 In 1998, the subcommittee published a provisional standard specification (PS 83) for dete
32、rmination of accessibility forwheelchair access of surface systems under and around playground equipment. The standard was elevated to a full standard (seeSpecification F1951) in 1999.6. Factors to Consider in the Selection and Specification of Surface Systems6.1 Types of MaterialEvery surface syste
33、m is unique in material, formulation, composition, and source of raw materials andshould be tested to confirm conformance with the ASTM specifications as identified within this guide (Specifications F1292,F1951, and F2075).7. Impact Attenuation7.1 The initial work of Subcommittee F08.63 was especial
34、ly important since injuries sustained from falls to the surface weredetermined to be 60 % of all playground injuries.7.2 There are two measurements considered in the guide. The first is the g-max and the second is the HIC or Head InjuryCriteria. It should be recognized that serious injuries (for exa
35、mple, long bone injuries and so forth) might occur even though theplayground surfacing system meets the requirements of Specification F1292. Lower values of g-max and HIC signify betterperformance for impact absorption.7.3 The g-maxThe g-max is the measurement of the peak deceleration of an instrume
36、nted metal headform when it impactsthe surface. When the object falls from the same height onto a hard surface such as concrete, the impact duration will be very shortand therefore the peak deceleration (g-max) will be high, but an impact on a resilient surface that yields and deforms with the force
37、,results in a longer impact and a lower peak deceleration (g-max).7.4 Head Injury Criteria (HIC)A measure of impact severity that considers the duration over which the most critical sectionof the deceleration pulse persists as well as the peak level of the deceleration.7.5 Critical HeightThe maximum
38、 height from which the instrumented metal headform, upon impact, yields either a g-maxthat does not exceed 200 gs or HIC exceeding 1000, when tested in accordance with the procedure described in SpecificationF1292. The United States Consumer Product Safety Commission states that “critical heightthe
39、fall height below which alife-threatening head injury would not be expected to occur.”7.5.1 The surfacing material used under and around a particular piece of playground equipment should have a critical heightvalue of at least the height of the highest designated play surface on the equipment.7.5.2
40、The CPSC Handbook for Public Playground Safety (see 2.3), Specification F1487 for play structures, as well as othernational standards (see Section 2), provide fall heights for various pieces of playground equipment.7.6 Testing:7.6.1 Laboratory Testing (Three Temperatures)Specification F1292 recogniz
41、es that children play in climates with diversetemperature ranges. For this reason, the materials that are used under playground equipment are required to be tested in a laboratoryat the temperatures of 30F, 72F, and 120F (1C, 23C, and 49C) to determine the height from which the g-max does notexceed
42、200 or the HIC does not exceed 1000. The determination of this height is the critical height. When selecting an appropriateplayground surface system, the owner, specifier, or purchaser, or a combination thereof, of the playground should ensure that thecritical height meets or exceeds the fall height
43、.7.6.2 Minimum Performance StandardsSpecification F1292 states that the pass/fail measurements for the specification areminimums.7.6.3 Field TestingSpecification F1292 allows for the performance testing of the playground surface in the field. Both theg-max must not exceed 200 and the HIC must not ex
44、ceed 1000 (the same as the laboratory test). The fall height is determined bythe appropriate playground equipment standard (for example, in the United States, Specification F1487, in Canada, CSA Z614),however, the purchaser may specify a higher drop height consistent with the specification at the ti
45、me of purchase. The specificationrequires that the drops take place at a minimum of three locations for each play structure or functionally linked play structures ina playground site and shall include those areas that may exhibit less than optimal impact characteristics. These areas may be hightraff
46、ic or compressed areas as well as areas containing seams, partitions, corners and fasteners, or anchors. The equipment operatorshall be trained in the proper orientation of the test instrument by a competent agency.7.6.3.1 Afailure for impact attenuation of the field test will be where the average o
47、f the last two of three drops at the exact samelocation and drop height using the procedure in the standard from the drop height specified by the purchaser for the surfaceproduces a g-max greater than 200 or a HIC greater than 1000. These tests can be carried out at any ambient temperature. If thesu
48、rface fails, the guide requires the owner/operator of the playground to repair or replace the failed surface with a surface that willcomply with the standard or take the applicable part of the playground (play structure and surface) out of service until the surfacecan be brought into compliance.F222
49、3 1537.6.4 The guide allows for the surface material to be tested in a laboratory to simulate wet and frozen conditions.8. Wheelchair Work Measure for Accessible Surfacing Systems8.1 In 1996, it was determined that there was a need for a performance standard to determine the suitability of surfacing forpersons with disabilities. The result was Specification F1951.8.2 Laboratory TestingThe tests for determining accessibility for surfacing materials are performed on a prepared test bed ofthe material being tested. Testing is performed
