1、Designation: F 2230 08Standard Guide forIn-situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water: Ice Conditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2230; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide addresses in-situ burning as a response toolfor oil spills occurring on waters with ice present.1.2 There are several metho
3、ds of control or cleanup ofspilled oil. In-situ burning, mechanical recovery, dispersantapplication or natural recovery are the usual options available.1.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide the user withgeneral information on in-situ burning in ice conditions as ameans of controlling and remov
4、ing spilled oil. It is intended asa reference to plan an in-situ burn of spilled oil.1.4 This guide outlines procedures and describes someequipment that can be used to accomplish an in-situ burn in iceconditions. The guide includes a description of typical icesituations where in-situ burning of oil
5、has been found to beeffective.1.5 In making in-situ burn decisions, appropriate govern-ment authorities should be consulted as required by law.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.7 This standard does not purpor
6、t to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. Specific precau-tionary information is given i
7、n Section 8. Guide F 1788addresses operational considerations.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1788 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water:Environmental and Operational ConsiderationsF 1990 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil: IgnitionDevicesF 2152 Guide for In-Situ Burnin
8、g of Spilled Oil: Fire-Resistant Boom3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 brash icefloating ice fragments less than 2 m across.3.1.2 close pack icepack ice with concentration of 7/10 to8/10 (fraction of a whole).3.1.3 fast iceice attached to the shoreline.3.1.4 fire
9、-resistant boom (FR)boom designed to containburning oil.3.1.5 fracture or leadany break or rupture through veryclose pack ice, compact pack ice, fast ice, or a single floe.3.1.6 frazil or grease iceice crystals forming on surface ofwater, ice, or melt pools.3.1.7 fresh oiloil recently spilled, remai
10、ning un-weathered and un-emulsified.3.1.8 ice coveragea combination of ice pans, ice chunks,bergy bits covering 10 % to near 100 % coverage of watersurface, more accurately described using other terms in thissection such as close pack ice, open water, and so forth.3.1.9 in-situ-burningburning of oil
11、 directly on the watersurface.3.1.10 melt poolsaccumulations of melt water on thesurface of ice during thawing.3.1.11 open drift iceice concentration of 4/10 to 6/10.3.1.12 open waterless than 1/10 ice concentration.3.1.13 residuethe material, excluding airborne emissions,remaining after the oil sto
12、ps burning.3.1.14 rotten icesea ice that has become honeycombedand is disintegrating.3.1.15 very close pack icepack ice with concentration of9/10 to 10/10.3.1.16 very open drift iceice concentration of 1/10 to3/10.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and
13、 Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.15 on In-Situ Burning.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published September 2008. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 2230 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www
14、.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Si
15、gnificance and Use4.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional spillresponse teams during spill response planning and spill events.5. General Considerations for Making In-situ BurnDecisions5.1 For marine spills of oil in ice conditions, in-situ burningshould be given equal consideration with ot
16、her spill counter-measures and may be the best available technology for iceconditions. In some cases, in-situ burning may be the onlypractical option.5.2 The decision of whether or not to use in-situ burning ina given spill situation is always one involving trade-offs, thatis, smoke plume and burn r
17、esidue compared to oil left alone.5.3 One of the limitations of recovery techniques for float-ing oil is effective containment of the slick. In-situ burning issubject to this constraint as a minimum thickness of about 2mm is required for ignition and sustained burning of the slick.Natural containmen
18、t of spilled oil can occur in some iceconditions. The presence of ice can inhibit the spreading andweathering of the oil slick. At higher ice concentrations, oilwill spread more slowly than it would in open water. When iceconcentrations are lower, spreading can still be reduced by theeffect of wind
19、herding. Oil herded by wind can concentrateagainst ice floes and can accumulate to thicknesses capable ofsupporting combustion.5.4 In this guide, environments suitable for in-situ burningwill be discussed. The matrix in Table 1 is provided to assistusers of this guide.5.5 Burning in an ice environme
20、nt may be conductedremotely, lessening safety concerns.6. Marine Environments6.1 For the purpose of this guide, in-situ burning in iceconditions refers to marine and coastal waters, rivers, and lakeswhere oil spills may occur in ice-infested waters.7. Background7.1 In-situ burning protects the marin
21、e environment fromthe effects of an oil spill by consuming the oil by fire leavingas little as 1 to 10 % oil residue on the surface of the water. Byremoving the oil from the water and ice, the impacts on thesurface and sub-surface biota are reduced. Unburned oilreleased by melting ice may ultimately
22、 impact shorelines,including critical habitats such as marshes and bird rookeries.Oil floating on the surface has the potential to contact sea birdsand marine life. Stranded oil may result in adverse environ-mental impacts. The amount of oil spilled, the degree of icecover, and weather conditions ar
23、e factors that determine theimpact of a spill and the burnability of the oil.7.2 In-situ burning of an oil spill requires an ignition sourcewith the ability to provide multiple ignitions (see GuideF 1990). The helicopter sling-mounted drum filled with gelledgasoline or diesel developed for lighting
24、backfires during forestfire fighting is an effective system for igniting oil in iceconditions. Individual igniters dropped from aircraft may beused to ignite oil contained by ice. Since burning is mostefficient when the oil is relatively fresh and un-emulsified,sources of ignition should be identifi
25、ed by response planners intheir pre-spill contingency planning.7.3 In more open waters, containment by special fire-resistant booms may be required (Guide F 2152).8. Recommendations8.1 Use of helicopter-mounted ignition systems or indi-vidual igniters is a hazardous operation and all applicablesafet
26、y instructions for their use should be followed. Hazardousmaterials may have to be handled as part of the ignitionequipment. Appropriate MSDS sheets should be available andfollowed during use of this equipment.8.2 The in-situ burning of spilled oil can be accomplishedunder favorable conditions when
27、oil is:8.2.1 Contained in close pack ice conditions (pack ice of7/10 coverage or greater).8.2.2 Contained in drift ice conditions is sufficient thicknessto sustain a burn (drift ice of 2/10 to 6/10).8.2.3 Contained in fire-resistant boom (generally open waterup to 1/10 ice coverage).8.2.4 Trapped al
28、ong an ice floe or herded by wind and hassufficient thickness to support a burn.TABLE 1 Burn Strategies for Different Arctic ConditionsType of Waters Status of Oil BurnabilityMarine Coastal WatersOpen water (0/10 to 1/10) Contained fire-resistant(FR) boom Burn oil in boomVery open drift ice (1/10 to
29、 3/10) Possibly contained by FR boom Burn oil in boomOpen drift ice (4/10 to 6/10) Herded by wind or contained by ice Burn oil where sufficient thicknessClose pack ice (7/10 to 8/10) Contained by ice leads or floes Burn oil in leads and between floesVery close pack ice (9/10 to 10/10) Contained in l
30、eads and fractures Burn oil in leads and fracturesFast ice Contained on surface of ice Burn oil where sufficient thicknessMelt pools Oil contained on melt pools or on surface through brine channels Burn oil where sufficient thicknessRiversOpen water Deflect and contain oil in FR boom Burn oil in boo
31、mBrash, moving ice conditions Look for areas of oil pooled by wind, current or ice Burn where sufficient thicknessSolid ice, oil under ice Slot ice, deflect oil to surface to burn Burn oil where pooled on surfaceSolid ice, oil on top of ice Dam oil on top of ice to contain and pool Burn oil where po
32、oled on surfaceLakesOpen water Contain in FR boom Burn oil in boomBrash ice conditions Look for areas of oil pooled by wind, current, or ice Burn oil where sufficient thicknessSolid ice, oil under ice Drill or slot ice to bring oil to surface Burn pools of oil on surfaceSolid ice, oil on top of ice
33、Dam oil on top of ice to contain and pool Burn oil where pooled on surfaceF22300828.2.5 Contained in melt pools on top of ice sheets.8.2.6 Contained in open fractures or leads in ice.8.2.7 Flowing under ice in a stream and ice can be slotted tobring oil to surface to burn.8.2.8 Spilled on surface of
34、 ice and has sufficient thickness tosupport a burn.8.3 In-situ burning of oil may require certain regulatoryapprovals.8.4 Although in-situ burns are efficient, there always willremain some residue and provisions for the recovery of thatresidue should be included in in-situ burn response planning.9.
35、Keywords9.1 ice conditions; in-situ burning; oil spillsAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON ARCTIC IN-SITU BURNINGX1.1 Several field experiments have been conducted in theArctic waters to determine the feasibility of burning oil inice-infested waters. One experiment invo
36、lved the release of 30tons of fresh crude oil. It was observed that the oil weatheredmore slowly and to a lesser extent in ice than it would have inopen water (1)3. After approximately 10 days, samples of theoil showed that it had lost 20 % of its volume due toevaporation and that it had formed a 20
37、 % water-in-oil mixture.These results indicated that oil spilled in such ice conditionscould feasibly be treated using in-situ burning techniques.Burning was in fact evaluated as the best response methodavailable for this particular spill situation (1). Another recentstudy evaluating different respo
38、nse methods for several pos-sible spill scenarios for the Arctic concluded that in-situburning would likely be the most effective option under certaincircumstances (2).X1.2 Other field experiments have been carried out todetermine the effect of wind or lack of wind on the flamespreading from one sli
39、ck area to another slick area, eitherdirectly connected to or physically separated from the burnarea. Ambient temperatures for these experiments were typicalwinter range of -20 to +5C. Wind speeds ranged from 5 to 15m/s with some occasional calm periods. The small basins of oil(0.5 by 1.5 m) designe
40、d to simulate an ice pack were separatedfrom the main burn basin (15 m dia.) by 1.5 to 3.5 m.A10 mmlayer of crude oil, at different degrees of weathering, wasplaced in these basins. During relatively calm conditions, therewas no spreading of flames from the main burn. When the windwas blowing from 2
41、 to 11 m/s there was enough flame tilt (30to 35 angle from horizontal) to ignite oil with 25 % of the lightends evaporated and a water-in-oil mixture containing 50 %water in the small basins 1.5 to 3.5 m from main burn.Efficiencies of these burns were measured at over 95 % (1).Even uncontained crude
42、 oil slicks which were burning atrelease continued to burn at nearly 90 % efficiency until slickthickness thinned to less than 1 mm (3).X1.3 Experiments have been conducted on Alaskan crudeoils to determine burnability when fresh, weathered andemulsified with and without emulsion breakers. If the oi
43、l is notmore than 20 % weathered and 20 % water-in-oil mixture, thenexpected efficiency of burn will exceed 90 % (4, 5). Oil moreweathered or more emulsified may still be burned by usingemulsion breakers or adding fresh crude to initiate burn.X1.4 The field burns have shown that high burn efficienci
44、escan be obtained when burning fresh oil and emulsions con-tained in ice-infested waters. A mixture of fresh oil and a 50 %water-in-oil mixture burned with efficiencies of over 99 %. A20 % water-in-oil mixture burns with an efficiency of 95 % ina basin with 50 % broken ice coverage (1, 4). The wind
45、herdingeffect tends to confine the slick to a smaller area and thereforeburn for a longer period of time (6, 7).X1.5 Flame spreading in ice conditions was observedmainly in a downwind direction, some spreading occurredsideways and upwind between inter-connected pools of oil.Flame spreading from one
46、burning oil pool to another separateoil pool was dependant on the wind direction and speed (1, 4).X1.6 Experiments to test burning of oil in ice leads wereconducted to determine the effect of wind herding, oil weath-ering, and lead geometry on burning efficiencies. Burn effi-ciencies of up to 90 % w
47、ere measured. Weathering of oil up to20 % did not significantly affect the burns (8).X1.7 Igniting spilled oil in ice conditions can be accom-plished by a variety of ignition systems. They include hand-thrown igniters and helicopter sling-loaded drum igniterscontaining gelled gasoline (Guide F 1990)
48、. The rate at whichindividual ignition points can be achieved is quite importantrecognizing the limited time that might be available forcompleting a large scale in-situ burn operation (7). Gelledgasoline, ignited and released from a helicopter-slung drumappears to be an effective means of producing
49、numerous oilignition sources quickly, safely and at a very small cost perignition point (9). If an oil becomes emulsified before an in-situburn begins, then a special emulsion breaking mixture deliv-ered in a helicopter-mounted ignition system is able to ignitelayers of water-in-oil mixtures (up to 50 % water in oil) (9).X1.8 Quantitative analytical data (from the Newfoundland3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.F2230083Offshore Burn Experiment-NOBE and many test burns intanks) discusses emissions likely to
