1、Designation: F2230 08F2230 14Standard Guide forIn-situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water: Ice Conditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2230; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide addresses in-situ burning as a response tool for oil spills occurring on waters with ice present.1.2 There are severa
3、l methods of control or cleanup of spilled oil. In-situ burning, mechanical recovery, dispersant applicationor natural recovery are the usual options available.1.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide the user with general information on in-situ burning in ice conditions as a meansof controlling
4、and removing spilled oil. It is intended as a reference to plan an in-situ burn of spilled oil.1.4 This guide outlines procedures and describes some equipment that can be used to accomplish an in-situ burn in iceconditions. The guide includes a description of typical ice situations where in-situ bur
5、ning of oil has been found to be effective.Other standards address the general guidelines for the use of in-situ burning (Guide F1788), the use of ignition devices (GuideF1990), the use of fire-resistant boom (Guide F2152), the application of in-situ burning in ships (Guide F2533), and the use ofin-
6、situ burning in marshes (Guide F2823).1.5 In making in-situ burn decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does n
7、ot purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryrequirements prior to use. Specific precautionary information is g
8、iven in Section 8. Guide F1788 addresses operationalconsiderations.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1788 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water: Environmental and Operational ConsiderationsF1990 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil: Ignition DevicesF2152 Guide for In-Situ Bu
9、rning of Spilled Oil: Fire-Resistant BoomF2533 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Oil in Ships or Other VesselsF2823 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Oil Spills in Marshes3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 brash icefloating ice fragments less than 2 m across.3.1.2 close pac
10、k icepack ice with concentration of 7/10 to 8/10 (fraction of a whole).3.1.3 fast iceice attached to the shoreline.3.1.4 fire-resistant boom (FR)boom designed to contain burning oil.oil (Guide F2152).3.1.5 fracture or leadany break or rupture through very close pack ice, compact pack ice, fast ice,
11、or a single floe.3.1.6 frazil or grease iceice crystals forming on surface of water, ice, or melt pools.3.1.7 fresh oiloil recently spilled, remaining un-weathered and un-emulsified.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Responseand is the
12、direct responsibility of Subcommittee F20.15on In-Situ Burning.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008Nov. 1, 2014. Published September 2008December 2014. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20022008as F2230 02.F2230 08. DOI: 10.1520/F2230-08.10.1520/F2230-14.2 For referen
13、cedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the
14、user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard
15、 as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.8 ice coveragea combination of ice pans, ice chunks, bergy bits covering 10 % to near 100 % coverage of water surface,
16、more accurately described using other terms in this section such as close pack ice,open water, and so forth.3.1.9 in-situ-burningburning of oil directly on the water surface.3.1.10 melt poolsaccumulations of melt water on the surface of ice during thawing.3.1.11 open drift iceice concentration of 4/
17、10 to 6/10.3.1.12 open waterless than 1/10 ice concentration.3.1.13 residuethe material, excluding airborne emissions, remaining after the oil stops burning.3.1.14 rotten icesea ice that has become honeycombed and is disintegrating.3.1.15 very close pack icepack ice with concentration of 9/10 to 10/
18、10.3.1.16 very open drift iceice concentration of 1/10 to 3/10.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional spill response teams during spill response planning and spill events.5. General Considerations for Making In-situ Burn Decisions5.1 For marine spills of oil in ice
19、conditions, in-situ burning should be given equal consideration with other spillcountermeasures and may be the best available technology for ice conditions. In some cases, in-situ burning may be the onlypractical option.5.2 The decision of whether or not to use in-situ burning in a given spill situa
20、tion is always one involving trade-offs, that is,smoke plume and burn residue compared to oil left alone.5.3 One of the limitations of recovery techniques for floating oil is effective containment of the slick. In-situ burning is subjectto this constraint as a minimum thickness of about 2 mm is requ
21、ired for ignition and sustained burning of the slick. Naturalcontainment of spilled oil can occur in some ice conditions. The presence of ice can inhibit the spreading and weathering of theoil slick.At higher ice concentrations, oil will spread more slowly than it would in open water. When ice conce
22、ntrations are lower,spreading can still be reduced by the effect of wind herding. Oil herded by wind can concentrate against ice floes and canaccumulate to thicknesses capable of supporting bustion or by the use of chemical herders.5.4 In this guide, environments suitable for in-situ burning will be
23、 discussed. The matrix in Table 1 is provided to assist usersof this guide.5.5 Burning in an ice environment may be conducted remotely, lessening safety concerns.6. Marine Environments6.1 For the purpose of this guide, in-situ burning in ice conditions refers to marine and coastal waters, rivers, an
24、d lakes whereoil spills may occur in ice-infested waters.TABLE 1 Burn Strategies for Different Arctic ConditionsType of Waters Status of Oil BurnabilityStrategyMarine Coastal WatersOpen water (0/10 to 1/10) Contained fire-resistant(FR) boom Burn oil in boomVery open drift ice (1/10 to 3/10) Possibly
25、 contained by FR boom Burn oil in boomVery open drift ice (1/10 to 3/10) Possibly contained by FR boom Burn oil in boom; use herding agents toconcentrate oilOpen drift ice (4/10 to 6/10) Herded by wind or contained by ice Burn oil where sufficient thicknessOpen drift ice (4/10 to 6/10) Herded by win
26、d or contained by ice Burn oil where sufficient thickness; useherding agents to concentrate oilClose pack ice (7/10 to 8/10) Contained by ice leads or floes Burn oil in leads and between floesVery close pack ice (9/10 to 10/10) Contained in leads and fractures Burn oil in leads and fracturesFast ice
27、 Contained on surface of ice Burn oil where sufficient thicknessMelt pools Oil contained on melt pools or on surface through brine channels Burn oil where sufficient thicknessRiversOpen water Deflect and contain oil in FR boom Burn oil in boomBrash, moving ice conditions Look for areas of oil pooled
28、 by wind, current or ice Burn where sufficient thicknessSolid ice, oil under ice Slot ice, deflect oil to surface to burn Burn oil where pooled on surfaceSolid ice, oil on top of ice Dam oil on top of ice to contain and pool Burn oil where pooled on surfaceLakesOpen water Contain in FR boom Burn oil
29、 in boomBrash ice conditions Look for areas of oil pooled by wind, current, or ice Burn oil where sufficient thicknessSolid ice, oil under ice Drill or slot ice to bring oil to surface Burn pools of oil on surfaceSolid ice, oil on top of ice Dam oil on top of ice to contain and pool Burn oil where p
30、ooled on surfaceF2230 1427. Background7.1 In-situ burning protects the marine environment from the effects of an oil spill by consuming the oil by fire leaving as littleas 1 to 10 % oil residue on the surface of the water. water (Guide F1788). By removing the oil from the water and ice, the impactso
31、n the surface and sub-surface biota are reduced. Unburned oil released by melting ice may ultimately impact shorelines, includingcritical habitats such as marshes and bird rookeries. Oil floating on the surface has the potential to contact sea birds and marinelife. Stranded oil may result in adverse
32、 environmental impacts. The amount of oil spilled, the degree of ice cover, and weatherconditions are factors that determine the impact of a spill and the burnability of the oil.7.2 In-situ burning of an oil spill requires an ignition source with the ability to provide multiple ignitions (see Guide
33、F1990).The helicopter sling-mounted drum filled with gelled gasoline or diesel developed for lighting backfires during forest fire fightingis an effective system for igniting oil in ice conditions. Individual hand-held igniters dropped from aircraft or deployed from vesselsmay be used to ignite oil
34、contained by ice. Since burning is most efficient when the oil is relatively fresh and un-emulsified, sourcesof ignition should be identified by response planners in their pre-spill contingency planning.7.3 In more open waters, open waters and in open and very open drift ice, containment by special
35、fire-resistant booms may berequired (Guide F2152).8. Recommendations8.1 Use of helicopter-mounted ignition systems or individual igniters is a hazardous operation and all applicable safetyinstructions for their use should be followed. Hazardous materials may have to be handled as part of the ignitio
36、n equipment.Appropriate MSDS sheets should be available and followed during use of this equipment.8.2 The in-situ burning of spilled oil can be accomplished under favorable conditions when oil is:8.2.1 Contained in close pack ice conditions (pack ice of 7/10 coverage or greater).8.2.2 Contained in d
37、rift ice conditions is sufficient thickness to sustain a burn (drift ice of 2/10 to 6/10).8.2.3 Contained in fire-resistant boom (generally open water up to 1/10 ice coverage).8.2.4 Trapped along an ice floe or herded by wind and has sufficient thickness to support a burn.8.2.5 Contained in melt poo
38、ls on top of ice sheets.8.2.6 Contained in open fractures or leads in ice.8.2.7 Flowing under ice in a stream and ice can be slotted to bring oil to surface to burn.8.2.8 Spilled on surface of ice and has sufficient thickness to support a burn.8.3 In-situ burning of oil may require certain regulator
39、y approvals.8.4 Although in-situ burns are efficient, there always will remain some residue and provisions for the recovery of that residueshould be included in in-situ burn response planning.9. Keywords9.1 arctic oil spills; ISB; ice conditions; in-situ burning; oil spillsAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory In
40、formation)X1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON ARCTIC IN-SITU BURNINGX1.1 Several field experiments have been conducted in theArctic waters to determine the feasibility of burning oil in ice-infestedwaters. One experiment involved the release of 30 tons of fresh crude oil. It was observed that the oil weat
41、hered more slowly andto a lesser extent in ice than it would have in open water (1)3. After approximately 10 days, samples of the oil showed that it hadlost 20 % of its volume due to evaporation and that it had formed a 20 % water-in-oil mixture. These results indicated that oilspilled in such ice c
42、onditions could feasibly be treated using in-situ burning techniques. Burning was in fact evaluated as the bestresponse method available for this particular spill situation (1). Another recent study evaluating different response methods forseveral possible spill scenarios for theArctic concluded tha
43、t in-situ burning would likely be the most effective option under certaincircumstances (2).X1.2 Other field experiments have been carried out to determine the effect of wind or lack of wind on the flame spreading fromone slick area to another slick area, either directly connected to or physically se
44、parated from the burn area. Ambient temperatures3 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.F2230 143for these experiments were typical winter range of -20 to +5C. Wind speeds ranged from 5 to 15 m/s with some occasional calmperiods. The small ba
45、sins of oil (0.5 by 1.5 m) designed to simulate an ice pack were separated from the main burn basin (15 mdia.) by 1.5 to 3.5 m. A 10 mm layer of crude oil, at different degrees of weathering, was placed in these basins. During relativelycalm conditions, there was no spreading of flames from the main
46、 burn. When the wind was blowing from 2 to 11 m/s there wasenough flame tilt (30 to 35 angle from horizontal) to ignite oil with 25 % of the light ends evaporated and a water-in-oil mixturecontaining 50 % water in the small basins 1.5 to 3.5 m from main burn. Efficiencies of these burns were measure
47、d at over 95 %(1). Even uncontained crude oil slicks which were burning at release continued to burn at nearly 90 % efficiency until slickthickness thinned to less than 1 mm (3).X1.3 Experiments have been conducted onAlaskan crude oils to determine burnability when fresh, weathered and emulsified wi
48、thand without emulsion breakers. If the oil is not more than 20 % weathered and 20 % water-in-oil mixture, then expected efficiencyof burn will exceed 90 % (4, 5). Oil more weathered or more emulsified may still be burned by using emulsion breakers or addingfresh crude to initiate burn.X1.4 The fiel
49、d burns have shown that high burn efficiencies can be obtained when burning fresh oil and emulsions contained inice-infested waters. A mixture of fresh oil and a 50 % water-in-oil mixture burned with efficiencies of over 99 %. A 20 %water-in-oil mixture burns with an efficiency of 95 % in a basin with 50 % broken ice coverage (1, 4). The wind herding effecttends to confine the slick to a smaller area and therefore burn for a longer period of time (6, 7).X1.5 Flame spreading in ice conditions was observed mainly in a downwind direction, some sprea
