1、Designation: F 2270 04An American National StandardStandard Guide forConstruction and Maintenance of Warning Track Areas onSports Fields1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2270; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for theconstruction and maintenance of wa
3、rning track areas on sportsfields. This guide provides guidance for the selection ofmaterials, such as soil and sand for use in constructing orreconditioning warning track areas and for selection of man-agement practices that will maintain a safe and functioningwarning track. Although this guide has
4、 applications to allsports where a warning track surface may be required ordesired, it has specific applications to baseball/softball.1.2 This guide does not address synthetic warning trackssuch as rubberized surfaces, artificial turf, or paved surfaces.1.3 Decisions in selecting construction and ma
5、intenancetechniques are influenced by local soil types, climatic factors,level of play, budget, and training/ability of managementpersonnel.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous
6、materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory require
7、ments prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsE 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieve
8、s for TestingPurposesF 405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Tub-ing and FittingsF 1815 Test Method for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity,Water Retention, Porosity, Particle Density, and BulkDensity of Putting Green and Sports Turf Root ZonesF 2107 Guide for Construction and Maintenance
9、of SkinnedAreas on Sports Fields3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept as noted, soil related definitions arein accordance with Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 aggregate materiala soil-like or earthy materialwithout appreciable soil structural properties such
10、that anaggregate material is essentially granular or single-grained innature.3.2.2 clay(1) A soil separate consisting of particles2.0 mm and 45 % sand.3.2.16.8 sandy loamsoil material that contains 7 to 20 %clay, more than 52 % sand, and the percentage of silt plus twicethe percentage of clay is 30
11、or more; or less than 7 % clay, lessthan 50 % silt, and more than 43 % sand.3.2.16.9 siltsoil material that contains 80 % or more siltand 30 %clay size particles).5.3.2.2 Soil material shall have 5 cm-h-1(2 in.-h-1) when compacted to a bulkdensity of 1.7 kg-m-3and using hydraulic conductivity testin
12、gprocedures as described in Test Method F 1815.5.3.3.2 A material that can easily be packed or compactedby hand or with the use of a lightweight missile to a bulkdensity of 1.7 kg-m-3or higher in the laboratory.5.3.3.3 Total porosity 85 % com-paction) to avoid differential settling of the subgrade m
13、aterials.Once compacted, the slope of the subgrade should be re-checked and any irregularities or depressional areas should becorrected before proceeding. Once the subgrade is sufficientlyprepared, the warning track material may be installed andleveled. Once the material is leveled, the area should
14、be rolledand the final grade established with an even grade transitionfrom the play area to the warning track. The smooth transitionis imperative to lower the potential for tripping or stumbling.Tripping or stumbling could lead a player head-on into a fenceor hazard.6.3 A physical barrier (boards, l
15、andscape edging, etc.)placed in the soil to prevent encroachment of turfgrass into thewarning track or to minimize mixing of materials in warningtracks and adjacent areas may minimize the need for edging tocreate a sharp boundary line; however, such barriers are notmaintenance-free and may be safety
16、 hazards.7. Maintenance7.1 Routine warning track maintenance is primarily com-posed of five processes: edging, dragging, watering, rolling,and topdressing. Warning tracks may also require periodicrenovation to restore the performance or appearance, or both.With some installations, periodic weed cont
17、rol may also berequired. Weed control can be accomplished by hand (me-chanical) or through the use of herbicides (either post emergentor pre-emergent). Care should be taken to reduce the effects ofan excessive edge, lip, or uneven transition.7.2 EdgingEdging prevents the encroachment of turfgrassint
18、o the warning track area. Edging also creates a neat andprofessional appearance. Edging also prevents the formation ofa lip caused by warning track materials migrating into theadjoining turf area. Tools that are typically utilized for edginginclude powered sidewalk edgers, string trimmers, hand edg-
19、ers, or flat-nosed shovels.7.3 DraggingDragging helps to condition the warningtrack leading to a neat professional appearance. Periodicdragging also fills and levels depressions and undulations thatmay begin to form in the warning track. Dragging operationsshould consist of a nail drag procedure fol
20、lowed by a mat drag.It is recommended that dragging operations be performed atleast once per month during the playing season. Mat draggingmay be performed prior to each game for appearance. Careshould be exercised in the dragging operation so as not topromote the formation of a lip at the transition
21、 with the grassplaying surface caused by dragging loose warning trackmaterial into the turf. Material forming a lip can create apotentially hazardous condition for tripping or stumbling.7.4 WateringWatering is used to keep dust down duringperiods of play or maintenance, or both. Watering is also ane
22、ssential practice to control moisture to achieve desired resultsfrom other maintenance practices. The moisture status of thewarning track materials in preparation for other maintenancepractices is primarily a matter of personal preference of themaintenance manager. Considerations for supply of water
23、 tothe warning track should be considered during the field designor renovation planning stages. Water can be supplied by anirrigation design specific for the warning track area or bydesigning strategically placed quick disconnect outlets that willallow for the attachment of irrigation heads or hoses
24、 for handwatering.7.5 RollingRolling is required to continuously produce asurface that will provide firm footing. Rolling should beperformed periodically throughout the season upon a moist-ened warning track profile. It is imperative that rolling followany tillage operations that may be used to loos
25、en up thewarning track profile. Rolling should also follow any proce-dures where moderate to heavy topdressing applications havebeen applied. Mat dragging may follow rolling to eliminate anylines or marks left by the edge of the roller.7.6 TopdressingTopdressing material should meet thesame characte
26、ristics as the warning track profile construction.Topdressing should be performed periodically to replace ma-terial that may have been lost due to erosion or to relevel theF2270044surface due to settlement. Topdressing can be broadcast overthe entire surface and then leveled by dragging or topdressi
27、ngmay be applied to depressional areas. It is recommended thatthe warning track be conditioned prior to topdressing byutilization of a nail drag. The topdressing material may then beapplied and then leveled with the mat drag, rolled and then matdragged a second time.7.7 RenovationThe warning track m
28、ay require renovationfrom time to time due to the formation of undulations, anexcessive edge or lip at the turf interface, or an excessivelyhard or inconsistent surface. Generally, renovation activitiesshould occur when the surface becomes too hard for thepenetration of the nail drag. Renovation gen
29、erally consists of 5steps; tillage, topdressing, leveling, rolling, dragging. Theprofile should be prepared for tillage by softening the profilewith water applications. The surface should then be tilled witha rotor tiller, ripper, or other suitable device. Care should betaken to assure the depth of
30、penetration is not so deep as todisturb the subgrade or any geotextile layers. Following tillage,additional material should be applied as topdressing if re-quired. The surface should then be releveled, rolled, anddragged to restore the finish grade.7.8 Lip or EdgeCare should be taken in any and allc
31、onstruction, maintenance, and renovation procedures such toassure that an excessive edge, lip, or uneven transition is notformed between the playing surface and the warning tracksurface. The idea is for the player to sense the presence of thewarning track (without looking) by a change in texture bet
32、weentwo contrasting surfaces. To be avoided is the creation of ahazard that could lead to tripping or stumbling of the athlete ashe changes from one surface to the other.8. Keywords8.1 athletic field; baseball; clay skinned area; softball; soil;sports field; warning trackREFERENCES(1) Soil Science S
33、ociety of America, Glossary of Soil Science Terms, SoilScience Society of America, Madison, WI, 1997.(2) Brownell, W. E., “Structural Clay Products,” Applied Mineralogy,Vol9, Springer-Verlag, Wien-New York, 1976.(3) USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey Staff, “Soil Taxonomy:A Basic System of
34、 Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting SoilSurveys,” USDA Handbook 436, U.S. Government Print Office,Washington, DC, 1975(4) USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey Staff, Soil SurveyManual, USDA Handbook 18, U.S. Government Print Office, Wash-ington, DC, 1993.(5) USDA, Soil Conservat
35、ion Service, Soil Survey Staff, Keys to SoilTaxonomy, 7th ed., Pocahontas Press, Blacksburg, VA, 1997.(6) Dixon, J. B. and Weed, S. B., Minerals in Soil Environments, 2nd ed.,Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, 1989.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent
36、 rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at
37、 any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comment
38、s will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted b
39、y ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F2270045
