1、Designation: F 2291 06aStandard Practice forDesign of Amusement Rides and Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes criteria for the design ofamusement rides, devices and major modifications to amuse-ment rides and devices manufactured
3、after the effective date ofpublication except as noted in 1.2.1.2 This practice shall not apply to:1.2.1 Patron directed amusement rides or devices (for ex-ample, go karts, bumper cars, bumper boats),1.2.2 Artificial climbing walls,1.2.3 Air-supported structures,1.2.4 dry slides,1.2.5 coin operated
4、rides,1.2.6 Amusement rides or devices that involve the purpose-ful immersion of the patrons body partially or totally in thewater and involves more than incidental patron water contact(for example, pools, water slides, lazy rivers, interactiveaquatic play devices),1.2.7 Amusement rides and devices
5、whose design criteriaare specifically addressed in another ASTM standard,1.2.8 Portions of an amusement ride or device unaffected bya major modification,1.2.9 Upgrades to electrical wiring, electrical motors andelectrical components of amusement rides and devices pro-vided the original design and sa
6、fety criteria are maintained orenhanced, and1.2.10 Pre-existing designs manufactured after the effectivedate of publication of this practice if the design is serviceproven or previously compliant and the manufacturer provides:1.2.10.1 A historical summary of the amusement ride,device or major modifi
7、cation, and1.2.10.2 A statement that the design is service proven orpreviously compliant as specified by Section 3.1.2.11 Amusement rides and devices, and major modifica-tions to amusement rides and devices may qualify as “previ-ously compliant” for five years following the date of publica-tion of t
8、his practice. Thereafter, amusement rides and devices,and major modifications to amusement rides and devices mustqualify as “service proven” or meet the requirements of thispractice.1.3 This practice includes an annex (mandatory), whichprovides additional information (for example, rationale, back-gr
9、ound, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and so forth) toimprove the users understanding and application of the criteriapresented in this practice. The annex information shall beinterpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.4 This practice includes an appendix (non-mandatory),which provides additio
10、nal information (for example, rationale,background, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and soforth.) to improve the users understanding and application ofthe criteria presented in this practice. The appendix informa-tion shall not be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.5 This standard doe
11、s not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stan
12、dards:2F 770 Practice for Ownership and Operation ofAmusementRides and DevicesF 1159 Practice for Design and Manufacture of PatronDirected, Artificial Climbing Walls, Dry Slide, Coin Oper-ated and Purposeful Water Immersion Amusement Ridesand Devices and Air-Supported StructuresF 1193 Practice for Q
13、uality, Manufacture, and Constructionof Amusement Rides and DevicesF 2137 Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristicsof Amusement Rides and Devices2.2 ASTM Technical Publication:3STP-1330 Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, 7thVolume2.3 ACI Standards:4ACI-301 Specifications for Structu
14、ral ConcreteACI-318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Con-crete (ACI-318) and Commentary (318R)1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F24 onAmusementRides and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F24.24 onDesign and Manufacture.Current edition approved
15、April 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F 2291 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to
16、the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, POBox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.4Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Ba
17、rr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.4 AFPA, American Wood Council Standard:5NDS National Design Standard for ASD Design2.5 AISC Manuals:6AISC 316 Manual on Steel Construction, Allowable StressDesign (ASD)AISC M015 Manual on Steel Construction, Load Steel S
18、tructures; Verification andAnalyses Data2.15 EN Standards:16EN 280 Mobile Elevating Work PlatformsDesign Calcu-lations, Stability Criteria, Construction, Safety, Examina-tions, and TestsEN 954-1 Safety of MachinerySafety Related Parts ofControl SystemsGeneral Principles for DesignEN 1050 Safety of M
19、achineryPrinciples for Risk Assess-mentEN 1993-1-9, Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures. Part1.9. Fatigue Strength of Steel StructuresEN 1993-1-9, Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures. Part6.9. Crane Supporting StructuresFatigue StrengthEN 60947-1 Low-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear2.16 Federa
20、l Documents:17USDA-72 U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, The WoodHandbookWood As An Engineering Material, ForestService, Forest Products Laboratory2.17 IEC Documents:18IEC-60204-1 Safety of MachineryElectrical Equipmentof MachinesPart 1: General RequirementsIEC-61496-1 Safety of MachineryElectrosensitive Pr
21、o-tective EquipmentGeneral Requirements and TestsIEC-61508-1 Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-Related SystemsGeneral RequirementsIEC-61511 Functional Safety: Safety Instrumented Systemsfor the Process Industry SectorIEC-62061 Safety of Machinery-Functional Sa
22、fety-Electrical, Electronic, and Programmable Electronic Con-trol Systems2.18 ISO Standard:19ISO 4414 Pneumatic Fluid Power General Rules Relatingto Systems2.19 Military Standards:20MIL 17 The Composite Materials HandbookMIL 882C System Safety Program Requirements2.20 NEMA Standard:21NEMA 250 Enclos
23、ures for Electrical Equipment2.21 NFPA Standards:225Available from American Forest and Paper Association (AF free fromunprotected protruding studs, bolts, screws, sharp edges andcorners, and rough or splintered surfaces; and considered forpadding as appropriate.6.1.3 Ride or Device Vehicle Doors:6.1
24、.3.1 When amusement ride or device patron vehicles areprovided with doors, measures shall be taken to ensure that thedoors do not open during operation, failure, or in case ofemergency, unless otherwise determined by the ride analysis.6.1.3.2 Powered doors shall be designed to minimize pinchpoints a
25、nd entrapment areas. The doors (opening and closing)movement shall be controlled, and the maximum exerted force,measured on the edge of the door at the furthermost point fromthe hinge or pivot, shall not exceed 30 lb (133 N).6.2 Security of Patron Containment System:6.2.1 Any system or systems used
26、to support and contain thepatron(s) shall be securely fixed to the structure of the ride ordevice and shall have adequate strength for the intended forcesproduced by the ride or device and the reasonably foreseeableactions of the patron(s).6.3 Patron Restraints:Distinctive Areas 1 through 5FIG. 2 Re
27、straint Determination DiagramAccelerations in Design StageF 2291 06a56.3.1 Patron restraints shall be provided as determined bythe designer/engineer. This determination shall be based on thepatron restraint and containment analysis performed in accor-dance with criteria defined in this practice and
28、shall take intoconsideration the nature of the amusement ride or device andthe intended adult or child patron physical characteristics,based on anthropomorphic data such as Dreyfuss Human Scale4/5/6 (1)26, 7/8/9 (2),orSAE J833, and Center for DiseaseControl Growth Charts.6.3.2 The patron restraint a
29、nd containment analysis mayidentify the need for a restraint system for reasons other thanacceleration or seat inclination. The analysis shall also evaluatethe need for locking or latching functions when restraints arerequired.6.3.3 The manufacturer shall take into consideration theevacuation of pat
30、rons from any reasonably foreseeable positionor situation on the ride or device, including emergency stopsand stops in unplanned locations. The patron restraint andcontainment analysis shall address whether individual or grouprestraints releases are appropriate.6.3.4 The manufacturer shall specify t
31、he state, locked orunlocked, of the restraint system in the event of unintendedstop, for example, emergency stop or loss of power. Thisspecification shall be based on the results of the ride analysisperformed in 5.1.6.3.5 Restraints shall be designed such that the opportunityfor pinching or unintent
32、ional trapping of fingers, hands, feet,and other parts of the patrons body is minimized.6.3.6 The maximum exerted force produced by any pow-ered patron restraint device while opening or closing shall notbe more than 18 lb (0.08 kN), measured on the active surfacescontacting the patron. Force limitin
33、g systems, if used toachieve this, shall be configured so that the failure of any oneelement of that system will still result in force being limited to18 lb (0.08 kN).6.3.7 The manufacturer shall take into account the patron-induced loads, for example, bracing, etc., in addition to theloads and crit
34、eria specified in the Loads and Strengths sectionof this practice.6.3.8 A manual restraint release shall be provided forauthorized personnel use.6.3.8.1 The manual release should be conveniently locatedand easily accessed by authorized personnel without crawlingover or under or otherwise coming in d
35、irect contact with thepatrons.6.3.8.2 External or unmonitored internal nonmechanicalstored energy, for example, battery, accumulator, hydraulic, orpneumatic, shall not be used for a manual release unlessotherwise determined by the ride analysis.6.3.8.3 Special tools shall not be required to operate
36、themanual release, unless otherwise determined by the rideanalysis.6.4 Restraint Configuration:6.4.1 Restraints Required in Kiddie Rides:6.4.1.1 Where kiddie rides or devices do not provide a fullyenclosed compartment (that is, so as to reject a 4 in. diametersphere at all openings), a latching rest
37、raint shall be provided,unless the patron restraint and containment analysis indicate alocking restraint is needed or a restraint is not appropriate (forexample, a kiddie canoe ride).6.4.1.2 Where kiddie rides or devices provide either latch-ing or locking restraints, the final latching or locking p
38、ositionof the restraint must by adjustable in relation to the patron(s).6.4.2 Reserved.6.4.3 Restraints Required Due to Acceleration and SeatInclination:6.4.3.1 Restraint devices shall be provided in cases where itis reasonably foreseeable that patrons could be lifted or ejectedfrom their seats or r
39、iding positions by the acceleration of theamusement ride or device, or by seat inclination, during theride or device cycle and other reasonably foreseeable situa-tions, for example, the application of emergency brakes orvehicles stopped in inverted positions.6.4.3.2 The restraint diagram shown in Fi
40、g. 2 shall be usedas part the patron restraint and containment analysis fordetermining if a restraint is required, and if required, what type.The restraint diagram identifies and graphically illustrates fivedistinctive areas of theoretical acceleration. Each of the fivedistinctive areas may require
41、a different class of restraint asindicated in 6.5 of this practice. The restraint diagram appliesfor “sustained acceleration” levels only. It is not to be appliedfor “impact acceleration.”6.4.3.3 Restraint CriteriaReferring to areas on the re-straint determination diagram shown in Fig. 2, as a minim
42、um,the following restraint classes shall be used (in all areas, ahigher class restraint device or individual requirements of ahigher class restraint device may be used).6.4.3.4 Area-1A Class-1 restraint device is defined asunrestrained or no restraint at all.(1) Based solely on Area-1 dynamic forces
43、, no restraint isrequired; however, other criteria in this practice (that is, theride analysis) may require a higher class restraint device.6.4.3.5 Area-2A Class-2 restraint is required unless pa-trons are provided sufficient support and the means to react tothe forces, for example, handrails, footr
44、est, or other devices. AClass-2 restraint is generally defined as a latching restraintdevice for each individual patron or a latching collectiverestraint device for more than one patron. A Class-2 restraintdevice shall have at least the following:(1) Number of Patrons Per Restraint DeviceThe restrai
45、ntdevice may be for an individual patron or it may be a collectivedevice for more than one patron.(2) Final Latching Position Relative to the PatronThefinal latching position may be fixed or variable in relation to thepatron.(3) Type of LatchingThe patron or operator may latch therestraint.(4) Type
46、of UnlatchingThe patron or operator mayunlatch the restraint.(5) Type of External Correct or Incorrect IndicationNoexternal indication is required.26The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the endof this standard.F 2291 06a6(6) Means of ActivationThe restraint may be m
47、anually orautomatically (for example, motorized) opened and closed.(7) Redundancy of Latching DeviceRedundancy is notrequired.6.4.3.6 Area-3A Class-3 restraint is required. A Class-3restraint is generally defined as a latching restraint device foreach individual patron or a latching collective restr
48、aint devicefor more than one patron. A Class-3 restraint device shall haveat least the following:(1) Number of Patrons per Restraint DeviceThe restraintdevice may be for an individual patron or it may be a collectivedevice for more than one patron.(2) Final Latching Position Relative to the PatronTh
49、efinal latching position must be variable in relation to the patron,for example, a bar or a rail with multiple latching positions.(3) Type of LatchingThe patron or operator may manu-ally latch the restraint or it may be automatically latched. Themanufacturer shall provide instructions that the operator shallverify the restraint device is latched.(4) Type of UnlatchingThe patron may manually unlatchthe restraint or the operator may manually or automaticallyunlatch the restraint.(5) Type of External Correct or Incorrect IndicationNoexternal indicatio
