1、Designation: F 2291 08Standard Practice forDesign of Amusement Rides and Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes criteria for the design ofamusement rides, devices and major modifications to amuse-ment rides and devices manufactured af
3、ter the effective date ofpublication except as noted in 1.2.1.2 This practice shall not apply to:1.2.1 Patron directed amusement rides or devices (for ex-ample, go karts, bumper cars, bumper boats),1.2.2 Artificial climbing walls,1.2.3 Air-supported structures,1.2.4 dry slides,1.2.5 coin operated ri
4、des,1.2.6 Amusement rides or devices that involve the purpose-ful immersion of the patrons body partially or totally in thewater and involves more than incidental patron water contact(for example, pools, water slides, lazy rivers, interactiveaquatic play devices),1.2.7 Amusement rides and devices wh
5、ose design criteriaare specifically addressed in another ASTM standard,1.2.8 Portions of an amusement ride or device unaffected bya major modification,1.2.9 Upgrades to electrical wiring, electrical motors andelectrical components of amusement rides and devices pro-vided the original design and safe
6、ty criteria are maintained orenhanced, and1.2.10 Pre-existing designs manufactured after the effectivedate of publication of this practice if the design is serviceproven or previously compliant and the manufacturer provides:1.2.10.1 A historical summary of the amusement ride,device or major modifica
7、tion, and1.2.10.2 A statement that the design is service proven orpreviously compliant as specified by Section 3.1.2.11 Amusement rides and devices, and major modifica-tions to amusement rides and devices may qualify as “previ-ously compliant” for five years following the date of publica-tion of thi
8、s practice. Thereafter, amusement rides and devices,and major modifications to amusement rides and devices mustqualify as “service proven” or meet the requirements of thispractice.1.3 This practice includes an annex (mandatory), whichprovides additional information (for example, rationale, back-grou
9、nd, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and so forth) toimprove the users understanding and application of the criteriapresented in this practice. The annex information shall beinterpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.4 This practice includes an appendix (non-mandatory),which provides additiona
10、l information (for example, rationale,background, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and soforth.) to improve the users understanding and application ofthe criteria presented in this practice. The appendix informa-tion shall not be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.5 This standard does
11、not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standa
12、rds:2F 770 Practice for Ownership and Operation ofAmusementRides and DevicesF 1159 Practice for Design and Manufacture of PatronDirected, Artificial Climbing Walls, Dry Slide, Coin Oper-ated and Purposeful Water Immersion Amusement Ridesand Devices and Air-Supported StructuresF 1193 Practice for Qua
13、lity, Manufacture, and Constructionof Amusement Rides and DevicesF 2137 Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristicsof Amusement Rides and Devices2.2 ASTM Technical Publication:3STP-1330 Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, 7thVolume2.3 ACI Standards:4ACI-301 Specifications for Structura
14、l ConcreteACI-318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Con-crete (ACI-318) and Commentary (318R)1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F24 onAmusementRides and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F24.24 onDesign and Manufacture.Current edition approved Au
15、g. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F 2291 06a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer t
16、o the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, POBox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.4Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333.1Copyright ASTM International, 100
17、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.4 AFPA, American Wood Council Standard:5NDS National Design Standard for ASD Design2.5 AISC Manuals:6AISC 316 Manual on Steel Construction, Allowable StressDesign (ASD)AISC M015 Manual on Steel Construction, Load Steel
18、 Structures; Verification andAnalyses Data2.15 EN Standards:16EN 280 Mobile Elevating Work PlatformsDesign Calcu-lations, Stability Criteria, Construction, Safety, Examina-tions, and TestsEN 954-1 Safety of MachinerySafety Related Parts ofControl SystemsGeneral Principles for DesignEN 1050 Safety of
19、 MachineryPrinciples for Risk Assess-mentEN 1993-1-9, Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures. Part1.9. Fatigue Strength of Steel StructuresEN 1993-1-9, Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures. Part6.9. Crane Supporting StructuresFatigue StrengthEN 60947-1 Low-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear2.16 Fact
20、ory Mutual Standard:17FM6930 Flammability Classification of Industrial Fluids2.17 Federal Documents:18USDA-72 U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, The WoodHandbookWood As An Engineering Material, ForestService, Forest Products Laboratory2.18 IEC Documents:19IEC-60204-1 Safety of MachineryElectrical Equipmento
21、f MachinesPart 1: General RequirementsIEC-61496-1 Safety of MachineryElectrosensitive Pro-tective EquipmentGeneral Requirements and TestsIEC-61508-1 Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-Related SystemsGeneral RequirementsIEC-61511 Functional Safety: Safety Instru
22、mented Systemsfor the Process Industry SectorIEC-62061 Safety of Machinery-Functional Safety-Electrical, Electronic, and Programmable Electronic Con-trol Systems2.19 ISO Standard:20ISO 4113 Road Vehicles Calibration Fluid for DieselInjection Equipment Second EditionISO 4413 Hydraulic fluid power Gen
23、eral rules relating tosystemsISO 4414 Pneumatic Fluid Power General Rules Relatingto SystemsISO 4406 Particle Count Chart5Available from American Forest and Paper Association (AF 1998 - Hydraulic Fluid Power - General RulesRelating to Systems2.24 SAE Standards:25SAE 100R4SAE J-211 Instrumentation fo
24、r Impact TestElectronicInstrumentationSAE J518 Hydraulic Flanged Tube, Pipe, and Hose Con-nections, Four-Bolt Split Flange TypeSAE J833 Human Physical DimensionsSAE J1926 Connections for General Use and Fluid Power-Ports and Stud Ends with ASME B1.1 Threads andO-Ring SealingPart 3: Light-Duty (L-Ser
25、ies) Stud EndsSAE HS 4000 Fastener Standards2.25 UL Standards:26UL 508 Industrial Control EquipmentUL 508A Industrial Control Panels3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 acceleration, impactthose accelerations with dura-tion of less than 200 ms.3.1.2 acceleration, su
26、stainedthose accelerations with du-ration greater than or equal to 200 ms.3.1.3 automatic modeability, after initialization, of theamusement ride or device to start, operate, move, etc. withlimited or no operator intervention.3.1.4 closedwhen pertaining to restraint devices, the po-sition in which t
27、he restraint is intended to remain during theoperation of the ride or device in order to restrain the patron(s).3.1.5 designer/engineerparty(s) that establishes and de-scribes the configuration of the amusement ride or device,establishes strength and fatigue life, designs and developselectrical/elec
28、tronic control systems, and defines inspectioncriteria.3.1.6 electrical (E)/electronic (E)/programmable electronicsystems (PES) (E/E/PES)when used in this context, electri-cal refers to logic functions performed by electromechanicaltechniques, (for example, electromechanical relay, motordriven timer
29、s, and so forth), Electronic refers to logic functionsperformed by electronic techniques, (for example, solid statelogic, solid state relay, and so forth), and ProgrammableElectronic System refers to logic performed by programmableor configurable devices (for example, Programmable LogicController (P
30、LC). Field devices are not included in E/E/PES.3.1.7 electro-sensitive protective equipment (ESPE)assembly of devices or components, or both, working togetherfor protective tripping or presence-sensing purposes.3.1.8 emergency stop (E-Stop)shut down sequence(s),other than a normal stop, that brings
31、the amusement ride ordevice to a stop. An E-Stop may be more dynamic than anormal stop.3.1.9 fail-safecharacteristic of an amusement ride or de-vice, or component thereof, that is designed such that thenormal and expected failure mode results in a safe condition.3.1.10 fencetype of barrier consistin
32、g of, but not limitedto, posts, boards, wire, stakes, or rails that is used to inhibitpatrons from coming into undesirable contact with the movingportion or restricted portion of an amusement ride or device.3.1.11 filter corner frequency (Fc)with reference to alow-pass filter, Fc is the frequency (s
33、pecified in Hz) where thefrequency response curve of the filter has magnitude of 3 dB.3.1.12 force limitingwhen pertaining to restraint devices,a characteristic that, regardless of the amount of force availablefrom the system actuators, limits the amount of force applied tothe patron(s).3.1.13 gates
34、section of fencing that may be opened.3.1.14 guardrailsystem of building components locatednear the open sides of elevated walking surfaces for thepurpose of minimizing the possibility of an accidental fall fromthe walking surface to the lower level.3.1.15 hand modeability of the amusement ride or d
35、eviceto start, operate, move, etc. only with operator intervention.3.1.16 handrailrailing provided for grasping with thehand for support.3.1.17 latchingwhen pertaining to restraint devices, heldsecure against opening except by intentional action of thepatron, operator, or other means. This can inclu
36、de restraints(for example, drop bars) held in place by gravity, detents orother means.3.1.18 lockingwhen pertaining to restraint devices, heldsecurely against opening except by intentional action of theoperator or other means not accessible by the patron.3.1.19 manual releasewhen pertaining to restr
37、aint de-vices, a hand or foot operated mechanism that allows foropening the patron restraint.21Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-509822Available from National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300N. 17
38、th St., Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209.23Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.24Available from National Fluid Power Association, Inc., 3333 N. Mayfair Rd.,Milwaukee, WI 532223219.25Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 4
39、00 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.26Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Corporate Progress, 333Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.F22910833.1.20 manufacturerparty producing the amusement rideor device, performing major modifications and can include thedesigner/engineer.3.1.21
40、 patron clearance envelopepatron reach envelopeplus a margin of 3 in.3.1.22 patron containmentfeatures in an amusement rideor device that accommodate the patron for the purpose ofriding the ride or device. This may include but is not limited tothe seats, side walls, walls, or bulkheads ahead of the
41、patron(s),floors, objects within the vicinity of the patron(s), restraintsystems, and cages.3.1.23 patron reach envelopespace a patron could reachduring a ride cycle while properly positioned, as defined by theride analysis, in the amusement ride or device and limited onlyby the vehicle, seat geomet
42、ry, and restraint system.3.1.24 previously compliantamusement ride or device, ormajor modification to an amusement ride or device, of whichthe design meets the ASTM Standard in place at the time of itsdesign.3.1.25 primary circulation areaareas leading directly tothe entrance and exit of a ride that
43、 are normally traveled bypatrons. These areas would not include emergency exit routes,maintenance areas, or other areas not normally on the route ofthe patron.3.1.26 restraintsystem, device, or characteristic that isintended to inhibit or restrict the movement of the patron(s)while on the amusement
44、ride or device.3.1.27 safety related control systemhardware and soft-ware that controls the safety functions and components of theamusement ride or device as defined by the Ride Analysis.3.1.28 service provenAn amusement ride, device, or ma-jor modification to an amusement ride or device of which (1
45、)unit(s) have been in service to the public for a minimum of fiveyears, and (2) unit(s) that have been in service have done sowithout any significant design related failures or significantdesign related safety issues that have not been mitigated.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this practic
46、e is to provide designers,engineers, manufacturers, owners, and operators with criteriaand references for use in designing amusement rides anddevices or a major modification for amusement rides ordevices.5. General Design Criteria5.1 Ride Analysis:5.1.1 The manufacturer shall perform a ride analysis
47、 thatshall include the following:5.1.1.1 Patron Restraint and Containment AnalysisA pa-tron restraint and containment analysis shall be performed inaccordance with Section 6.5.1.1.2 Patron Clearance Envelope AnalysisA patronclearance envelope analysis shall be performed in accordancewith Section 6.5
48、.1.1.3 Failure AnalysisA failure analysis shall be per-formed on the safety related systems of the amusement ride ordevice. The failure analysis shall include either a Fault TreeAnalysis, a Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), orother accepted engineering practices.5.1.2 The ride analysis shall
49、 specifically include an assess-ment of the suitability of the design of the amusement ride ordevice for the intended patrons, including anthropomorphicfactors that relate age and physical size.5.1.3 The ride analysis shall identify the most significantfactors that may affect patron safety and shall include mitiga-tion for each factor.5.1.4 The ride analysis shall be documented listing thesafety issues that were identified and the means used tomitigate each issue.5.2 Design and Calculations:5.2.1 The designer/engineer shall perform
