1、Designation: F2291 09bStandard Practice forDesign of Amusement Rides and Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes criteria for the design ofamusement rides, devices and major modifications to amuse-ment rides and devices manufactured aft
3、er the effective date ofpublication except as noted in 1.2.1.2 This practice shall not apply to:1.2.1 Patron directed amusement rides or devices (for ex-ample, go karts, bumper cars, bumper boats),1.2.2 Artificial climbing walls,1.2.3 Air-supported structures,1.2.4 dry slides,1.2.5 coin operated rid
4、es,1.2.6 Amusement rides or devices that involve the purpose-ful immersion of the patrons body partially or totally in thewater and involves more than incidental patron water contact(for example, pools, water slides, lazy rivers, interactiveaquatic play devices),1.2.7 Amusement rides and devices who
5、se design criteriaare specifically addressed in another ASTM standard,1.2.8 Portions of an amusement ride or device unaffected bya major modification,1.2.9 Upgrades to electrical wiring, electrical motors andelectrical components of amusement rides and devices pro-vided the original design and safet
6、y criteria are maintained orenhanced, and1.2.10 Pre-existing designs manufactured after the effectivedate of publication of this practice if the design is serviceproven or previously compliant and the manufacturer provides:1.2.10.1 A historical summary of the amusement ride,device or major modificat
7、ion, and1.2.10.2 A statement that the design is service proven orpreviously compliant as specified by Section 3.1.2.11 Amusement rides and devices, and major modifica-tions to amusement rides and devices may qualify as “previ-ously compliant” for five years following the date of publica-tion of this
8、 practice. Thereafter, amusement rides and devices,and major modifications to amusement rides and devices mustqualify as “service proven” or meet the requirements of thispractice.1.3 This practice includes an annex (mandatory), whichprovides additional information (for example, rationale, back-groun
9、d, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and so forth) toimprove the users understanding and application of the criteriapresented in this practice. The annex information shall beinterpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.4 This practice includes an appendix (non-mandatory),which provides additional
10、 information (for example, rationale,background, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and soforth.) to improve the users understanding and application ofthe criteria presented in this practice. The appendix informa-tion shall not be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.5 This standard does n
11、ot purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standar
12、ds:2F770 Practice for Ownership and Operation of AmusementRides and DevicesF1159 Practice for Design and Manufacture of PatronDirected, Artificial Climbing Walls, Dry Slide, Coin Oper-ated and Purposeful Water Immersion Amusement Ridesand Devices and Air-Supported StructuresF1193 Practice for Qualit
13、y, Manufacture, and Constructionof Amusement Rides and DevicesF2137 Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristicsof Amusement Rides and Devices2.2 ASTM Technical Publication:3STP-1330 Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, 7thVolume1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F
14、24 onAmusementRides and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F24.24 onDesign and Manufacture.Current edition approved July 15, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F2291 09a. DOI:10.1520/F2291-09B.2For referenced AST
15、M standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, POBox C7
16、00, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3 ACI Standards:4ACI-301 Specifications for Structural ConcreteACI-318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Con-crete (ACI-318) and Commentar
17、y (318R)2.4 AFPA, American Wood Council Standard:5NDS National Design Standard for ASD DesignNDS 2005 National Design Specification for Wood Con-struction2.5 AISC Manuals:6AISC 316 Manual on Steel Construction, Allowable StressDesign (ASD)AISC M015 Manual on Steel Construction, Load Steel Structures
18、; Verification andAnalyses DataDIN EN 1074 Valves for water supply - Fitness for purposerequirements and appropriate verification tests2.16 EN Standards:16EN 280 Mobile Elevating Work PlatformsDesign Calcu-lations, Stability Criteria, Construction, Safety, Examina-tions, and TestsEN 954-1 Safety of
19、MachinerySafety Related Parts ofControl SystemsGeneral Principles for DesignEN 1050 Safety of MachineryPrinciples for Risk Assess-mentEN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structuresEN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concreteEN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structuresEN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite s
20、teel and con-crete structuresEN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structuresEN 60947-1 Low-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear2.17 Factory Mutual Standard:17FM6930 Flammability Classification of Industrial Fluids2.18 Federal Documents:18USDA-72 U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, The WoodHandbookWood As An En
21、gineering Material, ForestService, Forest Products Laboratory2.19 IEC Documents:19IEC-60204-1 Safety of MachineryElectrical Equipment4Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333.5Available from American Forest and Paper Association (AF 1998 - Hydraulic F
22、luid Power - General RulesRelating to Systems2.25 SAE Standards:25SAE 100R4SAE J-211 Instrumentation for Impact TestElectronicInstrumentationSAE J518 Hydraulic Flanged Tube, Pipe, and Hose Con-nections, Four-Bolt Split Flange TypeSAE J833 Human Physical DimensionsSAE J1926 Connections for General Us
23、e and Fluid Power-Ports and Stud Ends with ASME B1.1 Threads andO-Ring Sealing Part 3: Light-Duty (L-Series) Stud EndsSAE HS 4000 Fastener Standards2.26 SIA Standards:26SIA 260 Basics of Planning Structural Design ProjectsSIA 261 Actions on Structures2.27 UL Standards:27UL 508 Industrial Control Equ
24、ipmentUL 508A Industrial Control Panels3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 acceleration, impactthose accelerations with dura-tion of less than 200 ms.3.1.2 acceleration, sustainedthose accelerations with du-ration greater than or equal to 200 ms.3.1.3 automatic mod
25、eability, after initialization, of theamusement ride or device to start, operate, move, etc. withlimited or no operator intervention.3.1.4 closedwhen pertaining to restraint devices, the po-sition in which the restraint is intended to remain during theoperation of the ride or device in order to rest
26、rain the patron(s).3.1.5 designer/engineerparty(s) that establishes and de-scribes the configuration of the amusement ride or device,establishes strength and fatigue life, designs and developselectrical/electronic control systems, and defines inspectioncriteria.3.1.6 electrical (E)/electronic (E)/pr
27、ogrammable electronicsystems (PES) (E/E/PES)when used in this context, electri-cal refers to logic functions performed by electromechanicaltechniques, (for example, electromechanical relay, motordriven timers, and so forth), Electronic refers to logic functionsperformed by electronic techniques, (fo
28、r example, solid statelogic, solid state relay, and so forth), and ProgrammableElectronic System refers to logic performed by programmableor configurable devices (for example, Programmable LogicController (PLC). Field devices are not included in E/E/PES.3.1.7 electro-sensitive protective equipment (
29、ESPE)assembly of devices or components, or both, working togetherfor protective tripping or presence-sensing purposes.3.1.8 emergency stop (E-Stop)shut down sequence(s),other than a normal stop, that brings the amusement ride ordevice to a stop. An E-Stop may be more dynamic than anormal stop.3.1.9
30、fail-safecharacteristic of an amusement ride or de-vice, or component thereof, that is designed such that thenormal and expected failure mode results in a safe condition.3.1.10 fencetype of barrier consisting of, but not limitedto, posts, boards, wire, stakes, or rails that is used to inhibitpatrons
31、 from coming into undesirable contact with the movingportion or restricted portion of an amusement ride or device.3.1.11 filter corner frequency (Fn)with reference to alow-pass filter, Fn is the frequency (specified in Hz) where thefrequency response curve of the filter has magnitude of 3 dB.20Avail
32、able from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.21Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-509822Available from National Electrical Manufac
33、turers Association (NEMA), 1300N. 17th St., Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209.23Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.24Available from National Fluid Power Association, Inc., 3333 N. Mayfair Rd.,Milwaukee, WI 532223219.25Available from Soci
34、ety of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.26Available from Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects, Selnaustrasse 16,CH-8027 Zrich.27Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Corporate Progress, 333Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.F2291 09b33.1.12 fo
35、rce limitingwhen pertaining to restraint devices,a characteristic that, regardless of the amount of force availablefrom the system actuators, limits the amount of force applied tothe patron(s).3.1.13 gatessection of fencing that may be opened.3.1.14 guardrailsystem of building components locatednear
36、 the open sides of elevated walking surfaces for thepurpose of minimizing the possibility of an accidental fall fromthe walking surface to the lower level.3.1.15 hand modeability of the amusement ride or deviceto start, operate, move, etc. only with operator intervention.3.1.16 handrailrailing provi
37、ded for grasping with thehand for support.3.1.17 latchingwhen pertaining to restraint devices, heldsecure against opening except by intentional action of thepatron, operator, or other means. This can include restraints(for example, drop bars) held in place by gravity, detents orother means.3.1.18 lo
38、ckingwhen pertaining to restraint devices, heldsecurely against opening except by intentional action of theoperator or other means not accessible by the patron.3.1.19 manual releasewhen pertaining to restraint de-vices, a hand or foot operated mechanism that allows foropening the patron restraint.3.
39、1.20 manufacturerparty producing the amusement rideor device, performing major modifications and can include thedesigner/engineer.3.1.21 patron clearance envelopepatron reach envelopeplus a margin of 3 in.3.1.22 patron containmentfeatures in an amusement rideor device that accommodate the patron for
40、 the purpose ofriding the ride or device. This may include but is not limited tothe seats, side walls, walls, or bulkheads ahead of the patron(s),floors, objects within the vicinity of the patron(s), restraintsystems, and cages.3.1.23 patron reach envelopespace a patron could reachduring a ride cycl
41、e while properly positioned, as defined by theride analysis, in the amusement ride or device and limited onlyby the vehicle, seat geometry, and restraint system.3.1.24 previously compliantamusement ride or device, ormajor modification to an amusement ride or device, of whichthe design meets theASTM
42、Standard in place at the time of itsdesign.3.1.25 primary circulation areaareas leading directly tothe entrance and exit of a ride that are normally traveled bypatrons. These areas would not include emergency exit routes,maintenance areas, or other areas not normally on the route ofthe patron.3.1.26
43、 restraintsystem, device, or characteristic that isintended to inhibit or restrict the movement of the patron(s)while on the amusement ride or device.3.1.27 safety related control systemhardware and soft-ware that controls the safety functions and components of theamusement ride or device as defined
44、 by the Ride Analysis.3.1.28 service provenAn amusement ride, device, or ma-jor modification to an amusement ride or device of which (1)unit(s) have been in service to the public for a minimum of fiveyears, and (2) unit(s) that have been in service have done sowithout any significant design related
45、failures or significantdesign related safety issues that have not been mitigated.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide designers,engineers, manufacturers, owners, and operators with criteriaand references for use in designing amusement rides anddevices or a major modi
46、fication for amusement rides ordevices.5. General Design Criteria5.1 Ride Analysis:5.1.1 The manufacturer shall perform a ride analysis thatshall include the following:5.1.1.1 Patron Restraint and Containment AnalysisA pa-tron restraint and containment analysis shall be performed inaccordance with S
47、ection 6.5.1.1.2 Patron Clearance Envelope AnalysisA patronclearance envelope analysis shall be performed in accordancewith Section 6.5.1.1.3 Failure AnalysisA failure analysis shall be per-formed on the safety related systems of the amusement ride ordevice. The failure analysis shall include either
48、 a Fault TreeAnalysis, a Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), orother accepted engineering practices.5.1.2 The ride analysis shall specifically include an assess-ment of the suitability of the design of the amusement ride ordevice for the intended patrons, including anthropomorphicfactors that
49、relate age and physical size.5.1.3 The ride analysis shall identify the most significantfactors that may affect patron safety and shall include mitiga-tion for each factor.5.1.4 The ride analysis shall be documented listing thesafety issues that were identified and the means used tomitigate each issue.5.2 Design and Calculations:5.2.1 The designer/engineer shall perform calculationsshowing compliance with the design criteria of this practice.Calculations and assessments of the following types arerequired.5.2.1.1 Calculations verifying th
