1、Designation: F2291 13Standard Practice forDesign of Amusement Rides and Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes criteria for the design ofamusement rides, devices and major modifications to amuse-ment rides and devices manufactured afte
3、r the effective date ofpublication except as noted in 1.2.1.2 This practice shall not apply to:1.2.1 Patron directed amusement rides or devices (forexample, go karts, bumper cars, bumper boats),1.2.2 Artificial climbing walls,1.2.3 Air-supported structures,1.2.4 dry slides,1.2.5 coin operated rides,
4、1.2.6 Amusement rides or devices that involve the purpose-ful immersion of the patrons body partially or totally in thewater and involves more than incidental patron water contact(for example, pools, water slides, lazy rivers, interactiveaquatic play devices),1.2.7 Amusement rides and devices whose
5、design criteriaare specifically addressed in another ASTM standard,1.2.8 Portions of an amusement ride or device unaffected bya major modification,1.2.9 Upgrades to electrical wiring, electrical motors andelectrical components of amusement rides and devices pro-vided the original design and safety c
6、riteria are maintained orenhanced, and1.2.10 Pre-existing designs manufactured after the effectivedate of publication of this practice if the design is serviceproven or previously compliant and the manufacturer provides:1.2.10.1 A historical summary of the amusement ride,device or major modification
7、, and1.2.10.2 A statement that the design is service proven orpreviously compliant as specified by Section 3.1.2.10.3 Amusement rides and devices, and major modifi-cations to amusement rides and devices may qualify as“previously compliant” for five years following the date ofpublication of this prac
8、tice. Thereafter, amusement rides anddevices, and major modifications to amusement rides anddevices must qualify as “service proven” or meet the require-ments of this practice.1.3 This practice includes an annex (mandatory), whichprovides additional information (for example, rationale,background, in
9、terpretations, drawings, commentary, and soforth) to improve the users understanding and application ofthe criteria presented in this practice. The annex informationshall be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.4 This practice includes an appendix (non-mandatory),which provides additional info
10、rmation (for example, rationale,background, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and soforth.) to improve the users understanding and application ofthe criteria presented in this practice. The appendix informa-tion shall not be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.5 This standard does not pu
11、rport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F
12、770 Practice for Ownership, Operation, Maintenance, andInspection of Amusement Rides and DevicesF1159 Practice for Design and Manufacture of PatronDirected, Artificial Climbing Walls, Dry Slide, CoinOperated and Purposeful Water Immersion AmusementRides and Devices and Air-Supported StructuresF1193
13、Practice for Quality, Manufacture, and Constructionof Amusement Rides and DevicesF2137 Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristicsof Amusement Rides and Devices2.2 ASTM Technical Publication:3STP-1330 Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, 7thVolume1This practice is under the jurisdiction
14、 ofASTM Committee F24 on AmusementRides and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F24.24 onDesign and Manufacture.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2291 12. DOI:10.1520/F2291-13.2Fo
15、r referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor
16、 Drive, POBox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 ACI Standards:4ACI-301 Specifications for Structural ConcreteACI-318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Con-crete (ACI-318
17、) and Commentary (318R)2.4 AFPA, American Wood Council Standard:5NDS National Design Standard for ASD DesignNDS 2005 National Design Specification for Wood Con-struction2.5 AISC Manuals:6AISC 316 Manual on Steel Construction, Allowable StressDesign (ASD)AISC M015 Manual on Steel Construction, Load S
18、teel Structures; Verification andAnalyses DataDIN EN 1074 Valves for water supply - Fitness for purposerequirements and appropriate verification tests2.16 EN Standards:16EN 280 Mobile Elevating Work PlatformsDesignCalculations, Stability Criteria, Construction, Safety,Examinations, and TestsEN 954-1
19、 Safety of MachinerySafety Related Parts ofControl SystemsGeneral Principles for DesignEN 1050 Safety of MachineryPrinciples for Risk Assess-mentEN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structuresEN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concreteEN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structuresEN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of
20、composite steel and con-crete structuresEN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structuresEN 60947-1 Low-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear2.17 Factory Mutual Standard:17FM6930 Flammability Classification of Industrial Fluids2.18 Federal Documents:FMVSS No. 213 Child Restraint Systems18USDA-72 U.S. Dep
21、t. of Agriculture, The WoodHandbookWood As An Engineering Material, ForestService, Forest Products Laboratory194Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333.5Available from American Forest and Paper Association (AF 1998 - Hydraulic Fluid Power - General R
22、ulesRelating to Systems2.25 SAE Standards:26SAE 100R4SAE J-211 Instrumentation for Impact TestElectronicInstrumentationSAE J518 Hydraulic Flanged Tube, Pipe, and HoseConnections, Four-Bolt Split Flange TypeSAE J833 Human Physical DimensionsSAE J1926 Connections for General Use and Fluid Power-Ports
23、and Stud Ends with ASME B1.1 Threads andO-Ring Sealing Part 3: Light-Duty (L-Series) Stud EndsSAE HS 4000 Fastener Standards2.26 SIA Standards:27SIA 260 Basics of Planning Structural Design ProjectsSIA 261 Actions on Structures2.27 UL Standards:28UL 508 Industrial Control EquipmentUL 508A Industrial
24、 Control Panels3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 acceleration, impactthose accelerations with dura-tion of less than 200 ms.3.1.2 acceleration, sustainedthose accelerations with du-ration greater than or equal to 200 ms.3.1.3 automatic modeability, after initiali
25、zation, of theamusement ride or device to start, operate, move, etc. withlimited or no operator intervention.3.1.4 designer/engineerparty(s) that establishes and de-scribes the configuration of the amusement ride or device,establishes strength and fatigue life, designs and developselectrical/electro
26、nic control systems, and defines inspectioncriteria.3.1.5 electrical (E)/electronic (E)/programmable electronicsystems (PES) (E/E/PES)when used in this context, electricalrefers to logic functions performed by electromechanicaltechniques, (for example, electromechanical relay, motordriven timers, an
27、d so forth), Electronic refers to logic functionsperformed by electronic techniques, (for example, solid statelogic, solid state relay, and so forth), and ProgrammableElectronic System refers to logic performed by programmableor configurable devices (for example, Programmable LogicController (PLC).
28、Field devices are not included in E/E/PES.3.1.6 electro-sensitive protective equipment (ESPE)assembly of devices or components, or both, working togetherfor protective tripping or presence-sensing purposes.3.1.7 emergency stop (E-Stop)shut down sequence(s),other than a normal stop, that brings the a
29、musement ride ordevice to a stop. An E-Stop may be more dynamic than anormal stop.3.1.8 fail-safecharacteristic of an amusement ride ordevice, or component thereof, that is designed such that thenormal and expected failure mode results in a safe condition.3.1.9 filter corner frequency (Fn)with refer
30、ence to alow-pass filter, Fn is the frequency (specified in Hz) where thefrequency response curve of the filter has magnitude of 3 dB.20Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3 rue deVaremb, Case postale 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.21Available from International Org
31、anization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.22Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-509823Available from National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA),
32、1300N. 17th St., Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209.24Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.25Available from National Fluid Power Association, Inc., 3333 N. Mayfair Rd.,Milwaukee, WI 532223219.26Available from Society of Automotive Engineers
33、 (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.27Available from Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects, Selnaustrasse 16,CH-8027 Zrich.28Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Corporate Progress, 333Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.F2291 1333.1.10 force limitingwhen pertaining
34、to restraint devices,a characteristic that, regardless of the amount of force availablefrom the system actuators, limits the amount of force applied tothe patron(s).3.1.11 hand modeability of the amusement ride or deviceto start, operate, move, etc. only with operator intervention.3.1.12 latchingwhe
35、n pertaining to restraint devices, heldsecure against opening except by intentional action of thepatron, operator, or other means. This can include restraints(for example, drop bars) held in place by gravity, detents orother means.3.1.13 lockingwhen pertaining to restraint devices, heldsecurely agai
36、nst opening except by intentional action of theoperator or other means not accessible by the patron.3.1.14 manual releasewhen pertaining to restraintdevices, a hand or foot operated mechanism that allows foropening the patron restraint.3.1.15 manufacturerparty producing the amusement rideor device,
37、performing major modifications and can include thedesigner/engineer.3.1.16 patron clearance envelopepatron reach envelopeplus a margin of 3 in.3.1.17 patron containmentfeatures in an amusement rideor device that accommodate the patron for the purpose ofriding the ride or device. This may include but
38、 is not limited tothe seats, side walls, walls, or bulkheads ahead of the patron(s),floors, objects within the vicinity of the patron(s), restraintsystems, and cages.3.1.18 patron reach envelopespace a patron could reachduring a ride cycle while properly positioned, as defined by theride analysis, i
39、n the amusement ride or device and limited onlyby the vehicle, seat geometry, and restraint system.3.1.19 previously compliantamusement ride or device, ormajor modification to an amusement ride or device, of whichthe design meets theASTM Standard in place at the time of itsdesign.3.1.20 primary circ
40、ulation areaareas leading directly tothe entrance and exit of a ride that are normally traveled bypatrons. These areas would not include emergency exit routes,maintenance areas, or other areas not normally on the route ofthe patron.3.1.21 restraintsystem, device, or characteristic that isintended to
41、 inhibit or restrict the movement of the patron(s)while on the amusement ride or device.3.1.22 safety related control systemhardware and softwarethat controls the safety functions and components of theamusement ride or device as defined by the Ride Analysis.3.1.23 service provenAn amusement ride, de
42、vice, or ma-jor modification to an amusement ride or device of which (1)unit(s) have been in service to the public for a minimum of fiveyears, and (2) unit(s) that have been in service have done sowithout any significant design related failures or significantdesign related safety issues that have no
43、t been mitigated.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide designers,engineers, manufacturers, owners, and operators with criteriaand references for use in designing amusement rides anddevices or a major modification for amusement rides ordevices.5. General Design Criteri
44、a5.1 Ride Analysis:5.1.1 The manufacturer shall perform a ride analysis thatshall include the following:5.1.1.1 Patron Restraint and Containment AnalysisA pa-tron restraint and containment analysis shall be performed inaccordance with Section 6.5.1.1.2 Patron Clearance Envelope AnalysisA patronclear
45、ance envelope analysis shall be performed in accordancewith Section 6.5.1.1.3 Failure AnalysisA failure analysis shall be per-formed on the safety related systems of the amusement ride ordevice. The failure analysis shall include either a Fault TreeAnalysis, a Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA
46、), orother accepted engineering practices.5.1.2 The ride analysis shall specifically include an assess-ment of the suitability of the design of the amusement ride ordevice for the intended patrons, including anthropomorphicfactors that relate age and physical size.5.1.3 The ride analysis shall ident
47、ify the most significantfactors that may affect patron safety and shall include mitiga-tion for each factor.5.1.4 The ride analysis shall be documented listing thesafety issues that were identified and the means used tomitigate each issue.5.2 Design and Calculations:5.2.1 The designer/engineer shall
48、 perform calculationsshowing compliance with the design criteria of this practice.Calculations and assessments of the following types arerequired.5.2.1.1 Calculations verifying the adequacy of structural,mechanical, and electrical components.5.2.1.2 Calculations of significant and predictable accele
49、ra-tion that is generated by the ride or device when operated asreflected in the manufacturers provided operating and main-tenance manuals or written instructions.5.2.1.3 Performance and functional characteristics of con-trol systems.5.2.1.4 Calculations shall be performed using coordinateaxis and load paths as defined by Practice F2137 or the ENequivalent.5.3 Other Design ConsiderationsWhere water is a designelement of the ride or of related ride effects and is intended tocontact the equipment of the ride, the designer/engineer shouldconsi
