1、Designation: F2291 15Standard Practice forDesign of Amusement Rides and Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes criteria for the design ofamusement rides, devices and major modifications to amuse-ment rides and devices manufactured afte
3、r the effective date ofpublication except as noted in 1.2.1.2 This practice shall not apply to:1.2.1 Patron directed amusement rides or devices (forexample, go karts, bumper cars, bumper boats),1.2.2 Artificial climbing walls,1.2.3 Air-supported structures,1.2.4 dry slides,1.2.5 coin operated rides,
4、1.2.6 Amusement rides or devices that involve the purpose-ful immersion of the patrons body partially or totally in thewater and involves more than incidental patron water contact(for example, pools, water slides, lazy rivers, interactiveaquatic play devices),1.2.7 Amusement rides and devices whose
5、design criteriaare specifically addressed in another ASTM standard,1.2.8 Portions of an amusement ride or device unaffected bya major modification,1.2.9 Upgrades to electrical wiring, electrical motors andelectrical components of amusement rides and devices pro-vided the original design and safety c
6、riteria are maintained orenhanced, and1.2.10 Pre-existing designs manufactured after the effectivedate of publication of this practice if the design is serviceproven or previously compliant and the manufacturer provides:1.2.10.1 A historical summary of the amusement ride,device or major modification
7、, and1.2.10.2 A statement that the design is service proven orpreviously compliant as specified by Section 3.1.2.10.3 Amusement rides and devices, and major modifi-cations to amusement rides and devices may qualify as“previously compliant” for five years following the date ofpublication of this prac
8、tice. Thereafter, amusement rides anddevices, and major modifications to amusement rides anddevices must qualify as “service proven” or meet the require-ments of this practice.1.3 This practice includes an annex (mandatory), whichprovides additional information (for example, rationale,background, in
9、terpretations, drawings, commentary, and soforth) to improve the users understanding and application ofthe criteria presented in this practice. The annex informationshall be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.4 This practice includes an appendix (non-mandatory),which provides additional info
10、rmation (for example, rationale,background, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and soforth.) to improve the users understanding and application ofthe criteria presented in this practice. The appendix informa-tion shall not be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.5 This standard does not pu
11、rport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F
12、770 Practice for Ownership, Operation, Maintenance, andInspection of Amusement Rides and DevicesF1159 Practice for Design ofAmusement Rides and Devicesthat are Outside the Purview of Other F24 Design Stan-dardsF1193 Practice for Quality, Manufacture, and Constructionof Amusement Rides and DevicesF21
13、37 Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristicsof Amusement Rides and Devices2.2 ASTM Technical Publication:3STP-1330 Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, 7thVolume1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F24 on AmusementRides and Devices and is the direct responsibility
14、 of Subcommittee F24.24 onDesign and Manufacture.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F2291 14. DOI:10.1520/F2291-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cu
15、stomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, POBox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.Copyright ASTM International, 1
16、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 ACI Standards:4ACI-301 Specifications for Structural ConcreteACI-318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Con-crete (ACI-318) and Commentary (318R)2.4 AFPA, American Wood Council Standard:5NDS National Design
17、 Standard for ASD DesignNDS 2005 National Design Specification for Wood Con-struction2.5 AISC Manuals:6AISC 316 Manual on Steel Construction, Allowable StressDesign (ASD)AISC M015 Manual on Steel Construction, Load Steel Structures; Verification andAnalyses DataDIN EN 1074 Valves for water supply -
18、Fitness for purposerequirements and appropriate verification tests2.16 EN Standards:16EN 280 Mobile Elevating Work PlatformsDesignCalculations, Stability Criteria, Construction, Safety,Examinations, and TestsEN 954-1 Safety of MachinerySafety Related Parts ofControl SystemsGeneral Principles for Des
19、ignEN 1050 Safety of MachineryPrinciples for Risk Assess-mentEN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structuresEN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concreteEN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structuresEN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and con-crete structuresEN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structu
20、resEN 60947-1 Low-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear2.17 Factory Mutual Standard:17FM6930 Flammability Classification of Industrial Fluids2.18 Federal Documents:FMVSS No. 213 Child Restraint Systems18USDA-72 U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, The WoodHandbookWood As An Engineering Material, ForestService, F
21、orest Products Laboratory194Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333.5Available from American Forest and Paper Association (AF 1998 - Hydraulic Fluid Power - General RulesRelating to Systems2.25 SAE Standards:26SAE 100R4SAE J-211 Instrumentation for I
22、mpact TestElectronicInstrumentationSAE J518 Hydraulic Flanged Tube, Pipe, and HoseConnections, Four-Bolt Split Flange TypeSAE J833 Human Physical DimensionsSAE J1926 Connections for General Use and Fluid Power-Ports and Stud Ends with ASME B1.1 Threads andO-Ring Sealing Part 3: Light-Duty (L-Series)
23、 Stud EndsSAE HS 4000 Fastener Standards2.26 SIA Standards:27SIA 260 Basics of Planning Structural Design ProjectsSIA 261 Actions on Structures2.27 UL Standards:28UL 508 Industrial Control EquipmentUL 508A Industrial Control Panels3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.
24、1 acceleration, impactthose accelerations with dura-tion of less than 200 ms.3.1.2 acceleration, sustainedthose accelerations with du-ration greater than or equal to 200 ms.3.1.3 automatic modeability, after initialization, of theamusement ride or device to start, operate, move, etc. withlimited or
25、no operator intervention.3.1.4 control stationa location where buttons, switches orother controls are provided for the purpose of operating rideequipment.3.1.5 designer/engineerparty(s) that establishes and de-scribes the configuration of the amusement ride or device,establishes strength and fatigue
26、 life, designs and developselectrical/electronic control systems, and defines inspectioncriteria.3.1.6 electrical (E)/electronic (E)/programmable electronicsystems (PES) (E/E/PES)when used in this context, electricalrefers to logic functions performed by electromechanicaltechniques, (for example, el
27、ectromechanical relay, motordriven timers, and so forth), Electronic refers to logic functionsperformed by electronic techniques, (for example, solid statelogic, solid state relay, and so forth), and ProgrammableElectronic System refers to logic performed by programmableor configurable devices (for
28、example, Programmable LogicController (PLC). Field devices are not included in E/E/PES.3.1.7 electro-sensitive protective equipment (ESPE)assembly of devices or components, or both, working togetherfor protective tripping or presence-sensing purposes.3.1.8 fail-safecharacteristic of an amusement rid
29、e ordevice, or component thereof, that is designed such that thenormal and expected failure mode results in a safe condition.3.1.9 filter corner frequency (Fn)with reference to alow-pass filter, Fn is the frequency (specified in Hz) where thefrequency response curve of the filter has magnitude of 3
30、dB.20Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3 rue deVaremb, Case postale 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.21Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.22Available from Standardizat
31、ion Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-509823Available from National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300N. 17th St., Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209.24Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Qu
32、incy, MA 02269-9101.25Available from National Fluid Power Association, Inc., 3333 N. Mayfair Rd.,Milwaukee, WI 532223219.26Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.27Available from Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects, Selnaustrasse 16
33、,CH-8027 Zrich.28Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Corporate Progress, 333Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.F2291 1533.1.10 force limitingwhen pertaining to restraint devices,a characteristic that, regardless of the amount of force availablefrom the system actuators, limits the amount
34、 of force applied tothe patron(s).3.1.11 hand modeability of the amusement ride or deviceto start, operate, move, etc. only with operator intervention.3.1.12 latchingwhen pertaining to restraint devices, heldsecure against opening except by intentional action of thepatron, operator, or other means.
35、This can include restraints(for example, drop bars) held in place by gravity, detents orother means.3.1.13 lockingwhen pertaining to restraint devices, heldsecurely against opening except by intentional action of theoperator or other means not accessible by the patron.3.1.14 manual releasewhen perta
36、ining to restraintdevices, a hand or foot operated mechanism that allows foropening the patron restraint.3.1.15 manufacturerparty producing the amusement rideor device, performing major modifications and can include thedesigner/engineer.3.1.16 operating modea defined behavior of an amuse-ment ride o
37、r device with a corresponding set of rules orinterlocks that are implemented in control systems as required.3.1.17 patron clearance envelopepatron reach envelopeplus a margin of 3 in.3.1.18 patron containmentfeatures in an amusement rideor device that accommodate the patron for the purpose ofriding
38、the ride or device. This may include but is not limited tothe seats, side walls, walls, or bulkheads ahead of the patron(s),floors, objects within the vicinity of the patron(s), restraintsystems, and cages.3.1.19 patron reach envelopespace a patron could reachduring a ride cycle while properly posit
39、ioned, as defined by theride analysis, in the amusement ride or device and limited onlyby the vehicle, seat geometry, and restraint system.3.1.20 previously compliantamusement ride or device, ormajor modification to an amusement ride or device, of whichthe design meets the ASTM Standard in place at
40、the time of itsdesign.3.1.21 primary circulation areaareas leading directly tothe entrance and exit of a ride that are normally traveled bypatrons. These areas would not include emergency exit routes,maintenance areas, or other areas not normally on the route ofthe patron.3.1.22 restraintsystem, dev
41、ice, or characteristic that isintended to inhibit or restrict the movement of the patron(s)while on the amusement ride or device.3.1.23 safety-related control system (SRCS)an assemblyof components that monitor and control the amusement ride ordevice such that it: (1) mitigates hazards to persons; or
42、 (2) hasthe capability to block or otherwise alter the performance ofsystems that implement safety features. Components mayinclude without limitation electronic, electric, electro-mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical devices, orcombinations thereof.3.1.24 service provenan amusement ride, d
43、evice, or majormodification to an amusement ride or device of which (1)unit(s) have been in service to the public for a minimum of fiveyears, and (2) unit(s) that have been in service have done sowithout any significant design related failures or significantdesign related safety issues that have not
44、 been mitigated.3.1.25 service proven practicea policy or procedure usedin association with an amusement ride or device, which (1) hasbeen in service to the public for a minimum of five years, and(2) has done so without any significant safety related issues thathave not been mitigated.3.1.26 supervi
45、sing companiona person on a ride or devicewho is qualified by a reasonable age or other means tounderstand rider instructions, assist a patron or child under 48in. in height in complying with rider instructions, and whomeets all other criteria for riding.3.1.27 use casea purpose for which equipment
46、is used bypersons or external systems. Examples of common use casesinclude but are not limited to entertaining patrons, supportingroutine maintenance, and programming for creative intent. Usecases and operating modes may or may not have a one-to-onecorrespondence.3.1.28 zone of operator awarenessare
47、a defined by thesights, sounds, and other stimuli an operator can reasonably beexpected to monitor from their specified location(s) relative tothe amusement ride or device that they are operating. The zoneof operator awareness could include multiple, noncontiguousportions of a ride-vehicle path. Inf
48、ormation provided by remoteaudio or video monitoring devices may be part of the zone ofoperator awareness.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide designers,engineers, manufacturers, owners, and operators with criteriaand references for use in designing amusement rides a
49、nddevices or a major modification for amusement rides ordevices.5. General Design Criteria5.1 Ride Analysis:5.1.1 The designer/engineer shall perform and document aride analysis that illustrates how hazards to persons have beenmanaged. The documentation shall include but not be limitedto the following:5.1.1.1 An identification of the scope of the analysis. Thescope shall describe the equipment considered by the analysis.The scope shall identify the use cases of the amusement ride ordevice. The scope may be clarified by identifying excludede
