1、Designation: F 2326 04 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forCollection and Analysis of Visible Emissions from Candlesas They Burn1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2326; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONDuring the development of this test method with a specially manufactured “standardized” candle,
3、variability of candle burn behavior was observed that introduced a wide statistical variation in theoverall test results from a single design. Variability in testing different types of candle products wouldintroduce even greater variability, that is, a pillar candle comprised of 60C (140F) melting p
4、oint waxwould not, and would not be expected to, show the same burn behavior as a jar candle comprised of54.4C (130F) melting point wax. It is believed that a significant database of candle burnperformance, based on each type of candle and formulation format, would be required before onecould determ
5、ine whether a statistical basis could be developed for pass/fail criteria for visible smokeemissions from candles. This method is intended to provide candle manufacturers a standardprocedure to use during the development of candle designs and formulations to compare relativesmoking/burn behavior. Th
6、is method neither implies nor sets a standard level for visible smokeemissions for any candle type or formulation.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the collection and analysis ofvisible emissions from indoor use candles as they burn.1.2 The test is to be used to compare relative smoke/burnbehavior
7、 during development of candle designs and formula-tions.1.3 This test method may not be suitable for multiple wickcandles; tapers and candles intended to be burned whilefloating on water commonly known as “floaters.”1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, ass
8、ociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles andAsso
9、ciated Accessory ItemsPS 59 Provisional Specification for Fire Safety for Candles3. Terminology3.1 See Guide F 1972 for definitions of terms not specifiedin 3.2.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 burn cyclelength of time the candle is burned duringone test day. For this test, a burn cycle is 4 h (see Provisional
10、Specification PS 59).3.2.2 burn periodtotal time the candle is burned over theduration of the test. For this test, the burn period will be 16 h.3.2.3 fuel pool establishment periodtime, 15 min orlonger, before each burn cycle that a candle must be burned toestablish a normal fuel pool and stable fla
11、me.3.2.4 molten fuel poolportion of the wax or fuel pool of acandle that is in the liquid form when the candle is burning.3.2.5 optical densitometerinstrument used for determin-ing the optical density in the transmittance or reflectance mode.3.2.6 top of the candlethe upper most part of the candle o
12、rcontainer.3.2.7 visible emissionsemissions that can be seen oncecollected on a substrate.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 onConsumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.45 onCandle Products.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009. Published S
13、eptember 2009. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F 2326 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Documen
14、t Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The visible emissions from a candle are collected on atransparent media over the specified burn period. The emis-sions can
15、 then be assigned a relative value as a function ofopacity using a densitometer for a given testing sequence.5. Significance and Use5.1 The intent of this test method is to aid the candlemanufacturer to optimize candle formulations in the reductionof visible smoke emissions.5.2 This test method is i
16、ntended to provide candle manu-facturers a standard procedure to use during development ofcandle designs and formulations to compare relative smoke/burn behavior. For the development of this method, a protocolwas established for trimming the wick on specially preparedtest candles to 6 to 7 mm (14 in
17、.) prior to each burn cycle. It isrecommended that the manufacturer determine a standardizedprotocol, that is, either not trimming the wick or trimming thewick to an appropriate length in order for direct comparison ofresults.5.3 A relative ranking of candle formulations can be estab-lished with the
18、 use of a histogram of the data and controlcharts.5.4 This test method is not intended to set forth pass/failcriteria for visible smoke emissions from candles, as such, thismethod sets no standard level for visible smoke emissions.6. Interferences6.1 The thickness of the collection material, that is
19、, the glassmicroscope slide, will create a positive interference and shouldbe corrected for in the set up of the densitometer prior to theanalysis of test samples.6.2 Any material that darkens the microscope slide otherthan the visible emissions of a candle shall create a positiveinterference.7. App
20、aratus and Materials7.1 Glass Microscope Slides, nominally 76 by 25 mm (3 by1 in.) with a writing surface for sample identification) to beplaced above the candle to collect visible emissions.7.2 Ring Stands and Clamps.7.3 Black and White Optical Densitometer.7.4 Transparent Step Gray Scales, for the
21、 verification ofcalibration of the densitometer.7.5 Number 1.5 Cover Slips.7.6 Transparent Single-sided Tape.7.7 Lint Free Cloth, or wipe material.7.8 Room or Area, with minimum drafts for burningcandles.7.9 Noncombustible Surface, on which to test candles.7.10 Ruler, or similar measuring device cap
22、able of measur-ing to the nearest millimetre.7.11 Thermometers or Temperature Monitoring Device, ac-curate to 61C.7.12 Scissors, or other device suitable for trimming wicksbetween burn cycles.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Prior to sampling, wipe microscope slides with a suit-able lint free wipe to
23、remove dust or fingerprints, or both.8.2 Attach the microscope slide in a flat horizontal positionin a ring stand clamp. The microscope slide should be parallelwith the ground and as close to level as possible.8.3 Place the candle(s) to be tested in a chamber or roomwith minimal drafts on a level-bu
24、rning surface. The tempera-ture of the room or chamber shall be maintained to 25 6 5C(77 6 9F) throughout the test period.8.4 Move the microscope slide with ring stand into positionsuch that the center of the microscope slide is above the centerof the wick in the candle.8.5 Position the microscope s
25、lide in the ring stand such thatit is 102 6 6mm(46 0.25 in.) above the solid top surface ofthe candle wax pool. In the event the flame becomes recessedinside the candle either due to a pillar candle maintaining theside walls as it burns or a containerized candle consuming thefuel as it burns, do not
26、 position the slide any closer than 51 66mm(26 0.25 in.) from the top of the candle as defined in3.2.6. If the microscope slide is positioned any closer than 516 6mm(26 0.25 in.) to the top of the candle it may restrictair flow into the candle and effect the performance or behaviorof the flame durin
27、g the test. Once the proper height adjustmenthas been made prior to the burn cycle, move the slide andholder away from the candle until it is time to collect thesample, that is, after the 15 min or longer required to developa molten fuel pool and stable flame.9. Calibration and Standardization9.1 Pl
28、ace a new, clean microscope slide with a cover sliptaped in place in the same manner as the test samples, on theoptical portion of the black and white densitometer and zerothe instrument. For transparent slides make sure that thedensitometer is in the transmittance mode and not the reflec-tance mode
29、.9.2 Place another new, clean slide with the cover slip tapedin place such that the cover slip is taped only on one side. Placethe slide under the optical portion of the black and whitedensitometer. Slide the step gray scale under the cover slip andinto place over the optical portion of the black an
30、d whitedensitometer. Check to verify the instrument is operatingproperly. The instrument measurement shall be within 5 % ofthe actual value at a density of 1.0 and within 10 % at a densityof 0.40. The instrument is now ready to measure the opticaldensity of actual test samples.10. Conditioning10.1 T
31、he burn test area shall be controlled to 25 6 5C (776 9F) with 20 to 70 % relative humidity and an environmentthat minimizes the disturbance of the flame of the candlesunder test.11. Test Procedure11.1 Remove all outer wrapping and remove label material(according to manufacturers instructions) prior
32、 to initiating theburn test.F 2326 04 (2009)211.2 Trim the wick in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions. If no information is provided from the manufac-turer, do not trim the wick for this test procedure. Place thecandle, straight and upright, into the test position. Whenappropriate, place
33、candles in a holder.11.3 Light candles taking care not to contaminate them withcarbon or debris from the ignition source. Burn for at least 15min, or longer until a normal fuel pool and stable flame areestablished and record the time required.11.4 Place the microscope slide in the manner described a
34、ndat the height determined in 8.5, such that the center of the slideis over the wick of the candle.11.5 Burn candles continuously for4h(65 min). Extin-guish the candle at the end of the test cycle and allow it to cool.Record the sample collection time, which is determined bysubtracting the time requ
35、ired to establish a molten fuel pooland stable flame from the 4 h burn cycle.11.6 Repeat steps 8.4, 8.5, and 11.2-11.5 until the comple-tion of the burn period, that is, 16 h.11.7 For candles with an expected burn life of less than 16h, burn candles as described in 11.2-11.5 until the end of thecand
36、les useful life. Record the total burn time of the candle forcomputational purposes.11.8 If the microscope slide is moved during wick trimmingor during candle adjustments or weighing, ensure that themicroscope slide is repositioned over the wick such that thewick aligns with the same portion of the
37、slide for each burncycle. Making a tiny removable or washable dot on the side ofthe microscope slide not facing the flame may be helpful foralignment of the test slide with the wick. If a washable dot isused in slide positioning remember to remove it prior toanalysis of the slide using the densitome
38、ter, as this would adda positive bias to the result.11.9 Do not adjust the slide any closer than 51 6 6mm(26 0.25 in.) above the top of the candle as defined in 3.2.6.Once the microscope slide has been positioned such that it is 516 6mm(26 0.25 in.) above the top of the candle it should notbe readju
39、sted throughout the remainder of the burn periodunless distance between the top of the candle and the micro-scope slide changes.11.10 At the completion of the test period remove themicroscope slide from the ring stand and place a cover slipover the visibly darkest area of the microscope slide. Tape
40、thecover glass into place using care not to cover the cover slipwith tape. It is best to attach the cover slip to the microscopeslide by over lapping 2 to 5 mm of tape onto the cover glasswith the majority of the tape on the microscope slide.11.11 Place label on slide that identifies which candle th
41、eslide is from.11.12 Record the total sample collection time.12. Calculation or Interpretation of Results12.1 Visually divide the area under the microscope coverslip into four equal quadrants. Place the microscope slide onthe densitometer such that the visibly darkest quadrant is overthe optical por
42、tion of the instrument. Make at least fourmeasurements from the darkest quadrant and average theresults.12.2 Weight the averaged densitometer result for the timerequired to collect the sample, typically this will be 15 h,however; the time may be shorter depending on the length oftime required to est
43、ablish a molten fuel pool and a stable flame.For example, if the average densitometer result is 3.5 and thetotal sample collection time (see 11.2) is 15 h, then report theweighted densitometer result as 3.5/15 (3.5 divided by 15) or0.23.12.3 A standard protocol, especially related to wick trim-ming,
44、 is required for valid comparison of results for candles ofa single or similar design.13. Precision and Bias13.1 The precision and bias for this test method has not yetbeen determined.14. Keywords14.1 candles; densitometer; visible emissionsAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1.X1.1 Photograph Depict
45、ing Sampling Set UpSee Fig.X1.1.X1.2 Photograph Depicting Densitometer in UseSee Fig.X1.2.X1.3 Initial Research and Non-Commercial Test CandleMuch of the initial research used to determine the validity ofthis test method was conducted by testing a non-commercialtest candle using 131F (55C) melting p
46、oint wax which wascompression molded and fitted into a 12.25 ounce Status RockJar. The wick used was a HTP 41 composite; no fragrance orcolorants were added.3,4X1.4 Report InformationAlthough not a requirement ofthis test method, it may be in the manufacturers best interestto maintain detailed recor
47、ds of the candles tested and the test3Information on how to make or purchase this non-commercial test candle toverify a laboratorys in house test procedure can be obtained from Lumi-Lite CandleCompany, 102 Sundale Road, Norwich, Ohio 43767.4For information regarding historical data and expected dens
48、itometer measure-ment ranges for this non-commercial test candle contact SEA Ltd., 7349Worthington-Galena Road, Columbus, Ohio 43085.F 2326 04 (2009)3results so that the manufacturer has some basis to evaluatechanges in candle formulations. Thus, it may be important torecord information about the fo
49、rmulation tested, in addition tothe test results so that educated decisions can be made based onanalytical data. It would be expected that any and all reportinformation would be proprietary information of the manufac-turer conducting the testing, as these tests would relate to theirspecific products or research designs.FIG. X1.1 Photograph Depicting Sampling Set UpF 2326 04 (2009)4ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are
