1、Designation: F 2371 05Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Heat Removal Rate of Personal CoolingSystems Using a Sweating Heated Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2371; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONPersonal Cooling Systems (PCS) are used when wearers could be exposed to conditions that re
3、nderthe bodys thermoregulatory system inadequate to maintain body core temperature within a safe range.The use of PCS can reduce the possibility of heat stress related physiological disorders and can alsoprovide increased comfort, which in turn could also result in higher productivity. Cooling needs
4、 varygreatly depending on the level of activity, the external temperature and humidity, as well as thepersonal protective equipment worn. The PCS should be selected that is best suited for the specificapplication. Sweating heated manikins provide a convenient tool to assess the effectiveness of PCS
5、asthey can provide objective and repeatable results. These instruments can be used to quantify, in areproducible manner, the cooling rate and cooling duration provided by the PCS while eliminating thevariables associated with human physiology. Sweating heated manikins can be used for directcompariso
6、ns of PCS.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of heat re-moval rate from a sweating heated manikin as well as theduration of cooling provided by a cooling garment, in order toassess the effectiveness of PCS.21.1.1 This test method requires the use of a sweating heatedmanikin. The swe
7、ating capability is essential, to take intoaccount the potentially large fraction of heat dissipation asso-ciated with evaporative cooling.1.2 The experimental values obtained for the cooling ratesand cooling duration apply only to the particular PCS andadditional clothing ensemble (standard outer g
8、arment, outergarment integrated to the PCS, or any other outer garment, asappropriate) as tested, and for the specified environmentalconditions.1.3 The values stated in this standard shall be SI units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with it
9、s use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3F 1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulationof Clothing Usin
10、g a Heated ManikinF 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF 2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-tance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.2 clo, nunit of thermal resistance defined as the insula-tion required to keep a resting man (producing
11、 heat at the rateof 58 W/m2) comfortable in an environment at 21C, airvelocity 0.1 m/s, or roughly the insulation value of typicalindoor clothing.3.2.1 DiscussionNumerically, the clo is equal to 0.155Km2/W.3.3 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worn to-gether on the body at the same time.3.4 ga
12、rment, na single item of clothing (for example,shirt).3.5 thermal insulation, nthe resistance to dry heat transferby way of conduction, convection, and radiation.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 onProtective Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F
13、23.60 onHuman Factors.Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published November 2005.2The present standard does not attempt to determine the thermal insulation andevaporative resistance of garments worn with the PCS, or these same properties forthe PCSs themselves. Test Methods F 1291 and F 2370 ar
14、e available for thesemeasurements.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Internation
15、al, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.6 total heat loss, nthe amount of heat transferredthrough a clothing system by the combined dry and evaporativeheat exchanges under specified conditions expressed in wattsper square metre.3.7 For definitions of
16、 terms related to protective clothingused in this test method, refer to Terminology F 1494.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and comparethe cooling provided by different Personal Cooling Systems(PCSs) worn with a standard outer garment or with any otherspecified one
17、.4.1.1 The test method is intended to allow garments basedon various cooling technologies to be evaluated fairly andobjectively, by taking into account convective and evaporativeheat transfer.4.1.2 A sweating thermal manikin accurately accounts forevaporative cooling, which represents the only activ
18、e means ofheat transfer occurring in humans. Utilizing a sweating thermalmanikin will also permit the heat removal rate to be measuredfor all types of PCS.4.2 The measurements of heat removal rates and duration ofcooling provided by the PCSs depend on the apparatus andtechniques used.4.2.1 It is not
19、 practical in a test method of this scope toestablish details sufficient to cover all contingencies.4.2.2 Departures from the instructions in this test methodwill potentially lead to significantly different test results.4.2.3 Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heattransfer, temperature, ai
20、r motion measurement, evaporativecooling, and testing practices is needed to evaluate whichdepartures from the instructions given in this test method aresignificant. Report any departures with the results.5. Apparatus5.1 ManikinA standing sweating manikin having theform, shape, and size of an adult
21、male or female shall be used.The manikin shall be heated to a uniform, constant, skintemperature.5.1.1 Size and ShapeThe manikin shall be constructed tosimulate the body of a human being; that is, it shall consist ofa head, chest/back, abdomen, buttocks, arms, hands (preferablywith fingers extended
22、to allow gloves to be worn), legs, andfeet. Total surface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m2, and height shallbe 170 6 10 cm. The manikins dimensions shall correspond tothose required for standard sizes of garments because devia-tions in fit will significantly affect the results.5.1.2 Sweat GenerationThe ma
23、nikin must have the abilityto evaporate water from its surface. Some examples of asweating system include a cotton body suit saturated withwater or water fed capillary body suit worn over a thermalmanikin. Other technologies exist that deliver water to themanikins surface with a valve delivery syste
24、m.5.1.2.1 Sweating Surface AreaThe surface area fromwhich water is evaporated must include the chest, back,abdomen, buttocks, arms and legs. Ideally, the manikins head,hands, and feet should be sweating also.5.1.3 Surface TemperatureThe manikin shall be con-structed so as to maintain a constant unif
25、orm temperature overthe nude body surface, with no local hot or cold spots. The skintemperature of the manikin shall be 35C. Local deviationsfrom the mean skin temperature shall not exceed 60.3C.Temperature uniformity of the nude manikin shall be evaluatedat least once annually using an infrared the
26、rmal imagingsystem or equivalent method. Repeat this procedure afterrepairs or alterations are completed that could affect tempera-ture uniformity (for example, replacement of a heating ele-ment).5.2 Power-Measuring InstrumentsRecord the time his-tory of the power input to the manikin over the entir
27、e testperiod. Overall accuracy of the power monitoring equipmentmust be within 62 % of the reading for the average power forthe test period. Since there are a variety of devices andtechniques used for power measurement, no specified calibra-tion procedures shall be given. However, an appropriate pow
28、ercalibration procedure is to be developed and documented.5.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikins SkinTemperatureMeasure the mean skin temperature with pointsensors or distributed temperature sensors.5.3.1 Point SensorsPoint sensors may be thermocouples,resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermi
29、stors, or equiva-lent sensors. They shall be no more than 2.0 mm thick and shallbe well bonded, both mechanically and thermally, to themanikins surface. Lead wires shall be bonded to the surface orpass through the interior of the manikin, or both. The sensorsshall be distributed so that each one rep
30、resents the same surfacearea or are area-weighted when calculating the mean skintemperature for the body. A minimum of 15 point sensors arerequired. At least one sensor shall be placed on the head, chest,back, abdomen, buttocks, and both the right and left upper arm,lower arm, hand, thigh, calf, and
31、 foot. These sensors must beplaced in the same position for each test and the placement ofthe sensors shall be given in the report.5.3.2 Distributed SensorsIf distributed sensors are used(for example, resistance wire), then the sensors must bedistributed over the surface so that all areas are equall
32、yweighted. If several such sensors are used to measure thetemperature of different parts of the body, then their respectivetemperatures should be area-weighted when calculating themean skin temperature. Distributed sensors must be small indiameter (that is, less than 1.0 mm) and firmly bonded to the
33、manikin surface at all points.5.4 Controlled Environmental ChamberThe manikinshall be placed in a chamber at least 2 by 2 by2mindimensionthat can provide uniform conditions, both spatially and tempo-rally.5.4.1 Spatial VariationsSpatial variations shall not exceedthe following: air temperature 61.0C
34、, relative humidity65 %, and air velocity 650 % of the mean value. In addition,the mean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0Cdifferent from the mean air temperature. The spatial uniformityshall be verified at least annually or after any significantmodifications are made to the chamber. Spa
35、tial uniformity shallbe verified by recording values for the conditions stated aboveat heights of 0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.7 m above the floor at theF2371052location occupied by the manikin. Sensing devices specifiedbelow shall be used when measuring the environmental con-ditions.5.4.2 Temporal Var
36、iationsTemporal variations shall notexceed the following: air temperature 60.5C, mean radianttemperature 60.5C, relative humidity 65 %, air velocity620 % of the mean value for data averaged over 5 minutes.(See 5.4.5).5.4.3 Relative Humidity Measuring EquipmentAnyhumidity-sensing device with an accur
37、acy of 65 % relativehumidity and a repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (forexample, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only onelocation needs to be monitored during a test to ensure that thetemporal uniformity requirements are met.5.4.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperaturesensors s
38、hall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of60.15C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple,thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceed-ing 1 minute. The sensor(s) shall be 0.5 m in front of themanikin. If a single sensor is used it shall be 1.0 m above thefloor. If mu
39、ltiple sensors are used, they shall be spaced at equalheight intervals and their readings averaged.5.4.5 Air Velocity IndicatorAn omni-directional anemom-eter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used. Average measure-ments for a minimum of at least 1 min at each location. If it isdemonstrated that velo
40、city does not vary temporally by morethan 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air velocityduring a test. The value of the mean air velocity must bereported, however. If air velocity is monitored, then measure-ment location requirements are the same as for temperature.5.5 CalibrationCalibr
41、ate the sweating heated manikin inaccordance with Test Method F 2370.6. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units6.1 Personal Cooling SystemIt is sufficient to test onlyone sample personal cooling system, with replicate measure-ments made on that single sample.6.1.1 Size and FitSelect the size of the
42、 PCS garment thatbest fits the manikin. Base fit on the manufacturers designedspecifications for fitting the garment to an actual human body.It is expected that certain PCS ensembles will not fit properlydue to the rigidity and set position of sweating thermalmanikins. State the size of each PCS use
43、d and any fitdiscrepancies in the report.6.2 Specimen PreparationTest the PCS in the as-receivedcondition or after dry cleaning or laundering in accordancewith the manufacturers instructions.7. Procedure7.1 Environmental Test ConditionsThe following isother-mal conditions shall be considered standar
44、d.7.1.1 Air VelocityThe air velocity shall be 0.4 6 0.1 m/sor less during a test (that is, still air conditions).7.1.2 Relative HumidityThe relative humidity shall be 406 5 % during a test.7.1.3 Air TemperatureThe air temperature shall be 35 60.5C during a test.7.2 Mean Skin Temperature of ManikinTh
45、e manikinsoutermost sweating surface temperature shall be 35 6 0.5Cfor all tests. The mean skin temperature shall not be allowed todrift more than 60.1C during a 2-hour test.7.3 SweatingThe manikin surface must have water avail-able for evaporation throughout the test period. The amount ofwater on t
46、he surface should be the supplied or added to thesurface of the manikin in the same manner as was used togenerate the evaporative resistance value during calibration(see 5.5).7.3.1 Manikins without sweating heads, hands or feet can-not be used to evaluate PCS that provide cooling to these areas.Thes
47、e manikins can only evaluate PCS that provide cooling tothe arms, legs, torso chest and back.7.3.2 Areas that do not have a sweating surface must beheated to properly simulate heat production in a human body.7.4 Saturate the manikins sweating surface with water.Water added to the manikins sweating s
48、urface must be heatedto 35 6 0.5C before being delivered to the manikin.7.4.1 DiscussionSaturation can usually be detected visu-ally however, if needed an IR camera can insure that thesurface is completely saturated.7.5 Baseline TestFirst, carry out a baseline test withoutcooling. Perform this test
49、with the PCS ensemble placed on themanikin, but turned off, if possible, so that no cooling isprovided. In the case where the PCS cannot be turned off (forexample, ice vest, or phase change material), carry out thebaseline test with the PCS in equilibrium with the atmospherein the test chamber by previously conditioning it in thechamber for at least 12 hours.7.5.1 Dress the standing manikin in the garment(s) to betested, together with light shorts and a t-shirt (shorts and t-shirtdirectly on the skin), and the outer garment (e
