1、Designation: F 2396 04Am American National StandardStandard Guide forConstruction of High Performance Sand-Based Rootzonesfor Sports Fields1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for theconstruction of high performanc
3、e sand-based rootzones forsports fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection ofmaterials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, and so forth, foruse in designing and constructing sand-based sports turfrootzones.1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenancetechniques are influenced
4、 by existing soil types, climaticfactors, level of play, intensity and frequency of use, equipmentavailable, budget and training, and the ability of managementpersonnel.1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof actio
5、n. This document cannot replace education or experi-ence and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This guide is not intended to represent orreplace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a givenprofession
6、al service must be judged, nor should this documentbe applied without consideration of a projects many uniqueaspects. The word “standard” in the title of this documentmeans only that the document has been approved through theASTM consensus process.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
7、 as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standar
8、d toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC 131 Test Method for Resistance to Degrad
9、ation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the LosAngeles MachineC 1444 Test Method for Measuring the Angle of Repose ofFree-Flowing Mold PowdersD 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods fo
10、r Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 1883 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) ofLaboratory-Compacted SoilsD 1997 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of theFiber Content of Peat Samples By Dry MassD 2944 Test Method of
11、Sampling Processed Peat MaterialsD 2974 Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Mat-ter of Peat and Other Organic SoilsD 2976 Test Method for pH of Peat MaterialsD 2980 Test Method for Volume Weights, Water-HoldingCapacity, and Air Capacity of Water-Saturated Peat Mate-rialsD 3080 Test Method fo
12、r Direct Shear Test of Soils UnderConsolidated Drained ConditionsD 4427 Classification of Peat Samples by Laboratory Test-ingD 4972 Test Method for pH of SoilsF 1632 Test Method for Particle Size Analysis and SandShape Grading of Golf Course Putting Green and SportsField Rootzone MixesF 1647 Test Me
13、thods for Organic Matter Content of PuttingGreen and Sports Turf Root Zone MixesF 1815 Test Method for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity,Water Retention, Porosity, Particle Density, and BulkDensity of Putting Green and Sports Turf Root ZonesF 2060 Guide for Maintaining Cool Season Turfgrasses onAthle
14、tic FieldsF 2107 Guide for Construction and Maintenance of SkinnedAreas on Sports FieldsF 2269 Guide for Maintaining Warm-Season Turfgrasses onAthletic Fields1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
15、 F08.64 onNatural Playing Surfaces.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2004. Published January 2004.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docum
16、ent Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept as noted, soil-related definitions arein accordance with Terminology D 653.3.1.1 clayclay can be defined in terms
17、 of a particular sizefraction of a soil, a soil textural class, a soil particle size class,a soil textural group, soil mineralogy, or, in engineering terms,as materials that exhibit plastic soil properties when at appro-priate water contents (1, 5, 6).33.1.1.1 DiscussionIdeally, the term “clay” shou
18、ld be ap-propriately defined when used to describe soils or materials forrootzones. For example, a 90 % sand/10 % clay mixture couldimply either 90 % sand/10 % clayey soil (or other soils withtextures containing enough clay (0.05 mm and 2.0 mm and 1.5, to reduce the potential for particlemigration i
19、nto the drainage system (7).5.4.3.2 Option 2Gravel may be used for backfill ofdrainage trenches. If gravel is used for backfill, it shouldconform to the specifications in Table 1. Soft gravel minerals(such as limestone, sandstone, or shale) are not acceptable foruse and all questionable gravel mater
20、ial should be tested forweathering stability using the sulfate soundness test (see TestMethod C88).Aloss of material greater than a 12 % by weightis unacceptable. Likewise, any gravel material that is suspect inits mechanical stability should be tested utilizing the LAAbrasion test (see Test Method
21、C 131). An LA Abrasion testvalue greater than 40 is unacceptable.5.4.3.3 Option 3Gravel may be used to backfill drainagetrenches and to form a drainage layer beneath the sandrootzone. If gravel is used for this purpose, the same gravelshould be used for backfill and the drainage layer, and shouldcon
22、form to the specifications given in Table 1. Soft gravelminerals are not acceptable for use and all questionable gravelmaterial should be tested for weathering stability using thesulfate soundness test (see Test Method C88). A loss ofmaterial greater than 12 % by weight is unacceptable. Like-wise, a
23、ny gravel material that is suspect in its mechanicalstability should be tested utilizing the LA Abrasion test (seeTest Method C 131).An LAAbrasion test value greater than 40is unacceptable. A gravel drainage layer should be a minimumof 7.5 cm (3 in.), with 10 cm to 15 cm (4 to 6 in.) preferred.Durin
24、g installation, the gravel is typically dumped from thedelivery trucks onto the perimeter, and then distributed over theconstruction site by a small, tracked, crawler tractor (orsimilar), being careful to avoid driving over and crushing thedrain lines. Contour and compact the gravel in accordance wi
25、thTABLE 1 Gravel Filter/Drainage Layer Specifications (7, 8)PerformanceFactorCriteriaAcceptableValueFiltering Factors D15of gravel/D85of rootzone mix 12 mm fraction 0 %4.75 mm 0 %Gravel 3.4 to 4.75 mm 25 %Fine sand 0.15 to 0.25 mm 80:1 30 7.0F2396046already being in a somewhat decomposed state, is m
26、ore stablethan organic matter in the more fibrous peats. Peats consideredfor inclusion in high performance sand-based rootzones can beclassified according to Classification D 4427, and further testedby methods listed in 5.5.5.3. Suggested recommendations forpeat/organic amendments for high performan
27、ce sand-basedrootzones are given in Table 3.5.5.4.3 DiscussionOften the use of composts are pro-posed as substitutes for peat products. While in some instances,composts may produce satisfactory products for inclusion in arootzone construction, the variability of compost productstends to be much high
28、er than those of natural peat deposits.This variability is especially true over time and from season toseason. Composts also typically contain higher ash content,may contain contaminants of soil or other earthy materials,may contain wood, and may not be completely stable in termsof chemical and phys
29、ical properties. Composts may alsocontain high elevations of trace metals or salts, or both(although testing can be used to determine the level of theseconstituents). The use of composts in a high performancesand-based rootzone should be approached with a high degreeof caution and employed with thor
30、ough quality control in thesourcing and construction phases. Under strict control andtesting, composts have and may be used for high performancesand-based rootzone constructions. It is recommended thatonly compost products be used that have been used success-fully in high performance sand-based fiel
31、d mixes in the past,and only in amounts sufficient to meet the performanceparameters outlined in this guide. Mix design and testingshould be performed by laboratories experienced in evaluatingcomposts and compost amended mixes.5.5.4.4 Quality Control (QC) ProgramEvery high perfor-mance sand-based ro
32、otzone should be constructed using a welldesigned and administered calibration and QC program. Suchprogram should set the parameters to be included in the QCtesting, the procedures for sampling, sampling intervals, han-dling the samples (chain of custody), the limits/tolerances orconfidence interval
33、s for accept/reject status within a sample,and the allowable variability of test parameters betweensamples.5.5.5 Rootzone BlendingRootzone blending is perhapsthe most critical aspect of the construction process. Onceamendment ratios are known, the components of the blendshould be prepared.5.5.5.1 Sa
34、ndThe sand should have been previously pro-cessed, stockpiled, tested, approved, and quality control tested.5.5.5.2 SoilAny soil amendments should have been testedand approved and then prepared for blending by first shred-ding, screening, and the removal of any objectionable stones orother items. On
35、ce the soil has been prepared in this manner, thesoil should be transported to the blending site for stockpiling.Once the material arrives on site, it should be protected fromweather, particularly rain. During the processing and transpor-tation of the soil component, it may be beneficial to mix orho
36、mogenize the soil material as much as is feasibly possible.Once homogenized and transported to the blending site, anadditional sample should be taken and tested for conformancewith the original tested material so that any adjustments in theblending proportions needed to compensate for variance in th
37、esoil stockpile may be made. It should be noted that soilcomponents (particularly topsoils) are a potential source ofweeds by seeds or plant parts. Consideration for eradication orfumigation of these materials may be warranted.5.5.5.3 PeatThe peat product used for amending the sandshould have been t
38、ested and approved prior to shipment ofmaterial to the blending site. Once the material arrives on site,it should be protected from weather, particularly rain. As peatis unloaded or unpackaged, it should be visually inspected forapparent uniformity within the shipment. If the project owner,project d
39、esigner, or agronomist is sufficiently familiar with thepeat material from past projects, the only QC testing that maybe required for the peat is the calibration and QC for organicmatter content of the resulting sand-peat mix. If the peatproduct/source is new or unfamiliar to the project personnel,a
40、dditional QC tests should be performed at set testing intervalsprior to blending. Peat QC test parameters may include ashcontent, organic matter, pH, fiber content, moisture content andvolume weight (see Test Methods D 1997, D 2944, D 2974,D 2976, D 2980, and Classification D 4427) and C/N ratio. Th
41、eabove advice also applies to composts used as organic amend-ments.5.5.5.4 BlendingThe blending operation should only pro-ceed once all of the materials have been tested and approvedand transported to the blending site. It is recommended thatblending operations proceed off-site as to the installatio
42、n.Possible blending sites include: (1) the location for sandmaterials supply or stockpile; and (2) in an area adjacent tofield site (such as a paved parking lot). The materials to beblended should be blended in a slightly moist to moistcondition. Excessively wet material will not blend togetherprope
43、rly and uniformly. Blending should be performed usingcommercial soil blending equipment designed for this purpose.The project designer should calculate production to include aminimum of 5 % (10 % preferred) additional rootzone materialto account for shrinkage. Any leftover rootzone material couldbe
44、stockpiled by the owner for use in future maintenance(topdressing) operations and for other repairs. The blendingshould be initiated with the preparation of a batch forcalibration purposes. A calibration batch stockpile is normallycomposed of a 100 ton minimum. The calibration batch shouldbe sampled
45、 and tested to assure the blending equipment isproperly calibrated before proceeding further. Each test forcalibration may delay the blending operation 24 to 48 h,awaiting test results and recommendations from the testinglaboratory. Another option would be to employ a commercialtesting agent with th
46、e capacity to perform on-site testing withmobile laboratory equipment. The mobile laboratory may beutilized throughout the calibration and blending process tofacilitate the logistics of the operation. It is recommended that1 of 10 tests conducted by the mobile laboratory are duplicatedat the regular
47、 laboratory facility to assure accuracy of theon-site testing data.5.5.5.5 Stockpile Storage and TransportationDuring theblending operation, and once the rootzone material has beenblended and all QC approvals have been met, the stockpiledmaterial should be protected against the effects of weather. I
48、fF2396047heavy rain is expected, the stockpiles should be covered, ifpossible. To protect against wind erosion of soil or organiccomponents, the stockpiles should be kept moist on the surfaceof the stockpile. Once stockpiled rootzone material is to betransported to the construction site, care should
49、 be taken toensure that the loading equipment and haul vehicles/containersare properly sanitized such to contain no foreign soil, aggre-gate, asphalt, and so forth that might contaminate the blendedrootzone material. When the stockpile material is being pickedup for loading, care should be exercised to assure that thebucket of the loading equipment is not picking up underlyingsoil or asphalt and that cleated tires or tracks are not tillingother material into the rootzone mix.5.5.6 Grading RequirementsAll grades should conform tothose grades and elevations as specifi
