1、Designation: F2458 05 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Method forWound Closure Strength of Tissue Adhesives and Sealants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2458; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a means for comparison ofwound closure strength of tissue adhesives used to help secure
3、the apposition of soft tissue. With the appropriate choice ofsubstrate, it may also be used for purposes of quality control inthe manufacture of medical devices used as tissue adhesives.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thi
4、sstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Re
5、ferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D907 Terminology of AdhesivesE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines2.2 Other Document:American Association of Tissue Banking, Standards forTissue Banking33. Terminology3.1 Many terms in this test method are defined in Terminol-ogy D907.3.2 Defin
6、itions:3.2.1 tissue adhesiveany material used as a medical de-vice to help secure the apposition of two wound edges oropposed soft tissues.3.2.2 tissue sealanta surface coating with adequate adhe-sive strength to prevent leakage of body fluids.3.2.3 cohesive strengthinternal strength of the adhesive
7、.3.2.4 adhesive strengththe strength of the tissue adhesive/substrate interface.3.2.5 cohesive failurefailure of the internal adhesive bond.3.2.6 adhesive failurefailure of the adhesive/substratebond.3.2.7 substrate failurefailure of the tissue substrate.4. Significance and Use4.1 Materials and devi
8、ces that function at least in part byadhering to living tissues are finding increasing use in surgicalprocedures either as adjuncts to sutures and staples, or as frankreplacements for those devices in a wide variety of medicalprocedures. While the nature and magnitude of the forcesinvolved varies gr
9、eatly with indication and with patient specificcircumstances, all uses involve to some extent the ability of thematerial to resist imposed mechanical forces. Therefore, themechanical properties of the materials, and in particular theadhesive properties, are important parameters in evaluatingtheir fi
10、tness for use. In addition, the mechanical properties of agiven adhesive composition can provide a useful means ofdetermining product consistency for quality control or as ameans for determining the effects of various surface treatmentson the substrate prior to use of the device.4.2 The complexity a
11、nd variety of individual applicationsfor tissue adhesive devices, even within a single indicated use(surgical procedure, which itself may vary depending onphysical site and clinical intention) is such that the results of asingle tensile strength test is not suitable for determiningallowable design s
12、tresses without thorough analysis and under-standing of the application, adhesive behaviors, and clinicalindications.4.3 This test method may be used for comparing adhesivesor bonding processes for susceptibility to fatigue, mode offailure, and environmental changes, but such comparisons mustbe made
13、 with great caution since different adhesives mayrespond differently to varying conditions.4.4 A correlation of the test method results with actualadhesive performance in live human tissue has not beenestablished.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F04 on Medicaland Surgical
14、 Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF04.15 on Material Test Methods.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published July 2015. Originally approvedin 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2458 - 05 (2010). DOI:10.1520/F2458-05R15.2For referenced ASTM stan
15、dards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Tissue Banks (AATB), 1320 OldChain Bridge Rd.,
16、 Suite 450, McLean, VA 22101.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Apparatus5.1 Testing MachineA testing machine of the constant-rate-of-crosshead-movement type and comprising essentiallythe following:5.1.1 Fixed MemberA
17、fixed or essentially stationarymember carrying one grip.5.1.2 Movable MemberA movable member carrying asecond grip.5.1.3 GripsGrips for holding the test specimen betweenthe fixed member and the movable member of the testingmachine can be either the fixed or self-aligning type. Grippingpressure shoul
18、d be adjustable to prevent damage to thesubstrate and the use of sandpaper or plastic scrubbing padsbetween the gripping surfaces and the substrate is recom-mended to help prevent slippage.5.1.3.1 Fixed grips are rigidly attached to the fixed andmovable members of the testing machine. When this type
19、 ofgrip is used, extreme care should be taken to ensure that the testspecimen is inserted and clamped so that the long axis of thetest specimen coincides with the direction of pull through thecenterline of the grip assembly.5.1.3.2 Self-aligning grips are attached to the fixed andmovable members of
20、the testing machine in such a manner thatthey will move freely into alignment as soon as any load isapplied so that the long axis of the test specimen will coincidewith the direction of the applied pull through the center line ofthe grip assembly. The specimens should be aligned as per-fectly as pos
21、sible with the direction of pull so that no rotarymotion that may induce slippage or damage to the sample willoccur in the grips; there is a limit to the amount of misalign-ment self-aligning grips will accommodate.5.1.4 Drive MechanismA drive mechanism for impartingto the movable member a uniform,
22、controlled velocity withrespect to the stationary member, with this velocity to beregulated as specified in 8.3.5.1.5 Load IndicatorA suitable load-indicating mecha-nism capable of showing the total tensile load carried by thetest specimen when held by the grips. This mechanism shall beessentially f
23、ree of inertia lag at the specified rate of testing andshall indicate the load with an accuracy of 61 % of theindicated value, or better. The accuracy of the testing machineshall be verified in accordance with Practices E4.5.2 Temperature-controlling EquipmentCapable of main-taining the test tempera
24、ture to 62C. If ambient laboratoryconditions are employed, the same degree of control is re-quired.6. Test Substrate6.1 For Comparative TestingEither fresh or frozen splitthickness porcine skin graft may be used.6.1.1 Frozen split thickness porcine skin that has beenaseptically prepared is available
25、 commercially and is preferreddue to ease of use and the potential for more consistentproperties. It should be thawed according to the manufacturersinstructions prior to use. Unused graft may be kept at 2 to 8Cfor up to two weeks after thawing.6.1.2 If fresh skin is chosen, it should be prepared acc
26、ordingthe method in Appendix X1.6.2 For Application Specific TestingThe grips of the testmachine must be able to hold the tissue without having thetissue slip or be crushed by the grips. Some tissue (liver, lung)may not be suitable for this test.6.2.1 The strength of any adhesive is highly dependent
27、 onthe test substrate or adherend. For a specific application, thepreferred substrate is freshly harvested tissue from the targetorgan of a domestic food animal. Tissue from bovine, porcine,or ovine origin is preferred due to wide availability and the factthat relatively large samples of tissue can
28、be harvested from asingle source. Ideally, the tissue should be used within 24 h ofharvest and should be kept between 5 and 10C prior to testingif it cannot be used immediately after harvesting. Storage andhandling of tissue samples should be carried out according tothe guidelines set forth in Stand
29、ards for Tissue Banking by theAmerican Association of Tissue Banks. The specimens shouldbe brought to the test temperature or other prescribed tempera-ture (such as body temperature) prior to application of theadhesive.6.2.2 Fixed tissue should not be used since it has beendemonstrated that fixative
30、s cause large alterations in themechanical properties of the tissue and it is probable that theadhesive strength would be affected as well.6.2.3 If the target organ is of a size or geometry that doesnot allow fabrication of test samples as shown in Fig. 1, a tissueof similar origin but larger size s
31、hould be used. For example, ifthe intended indication is for anastomosis of small bloodvessels, a larger vessel should be substituted.6.2.4 The thickness of the tissue sample should not exceed5 mm.6.3 For Quality Control Testing:6.3.1 For testing that is undertaken as part of a qualitycontrol proces
32、s in the manufacturing of a tissue adhesivedevice, the use of freshly harvested tissue is highly inconve-nient and may also lead to unacceptable variation in the testresults, especially if the failure occurs in the adherend (sub-strate failure). Since the purpose of quality control testing is todemo
33、nstrate consistency in the device, substitution of a modelsubstrate is preferred so long as it is demonstrated that theadhesive bonds to the adherend. If the test is intended togenerate data on the cohesive strength of the device, anymetallic or polymeric material is acceptable so long as it hasbeen
34、 demonstrated that the adhesive bonds to the adherend andthat failure is substantially cohesive (90 % by area) and notadhesive. For adhesive quality control testing, it is recom-mended that test results for any substrate of non-biological orfixed tissue origin be correlated to testing previously don
35、e onfresh tissue substrates prior to acceptance of the procedure.7. Test Specimen7.1 The wound strength test specimen is shown in Fig. 1.Two substrate samples are required for each test specimen.7.2 A template of the correct dimensions should be used. Asharp scalpel or similar device should be used
36、to cut thesubstrate material.7.3 Sample width should be 2.5 6 0.1 cm.7.4 Sample length should be 10 6 0.2 cm.F2458 05 (2015)27.5 Number of Test SpecimensTest at least 10 specimensof each type. Tissue substrates tend to give high variances andwill require more samples to attain a reasonable estimate
37、of themean strength.8. Specimen Preparation8.1 Tissue Preparation:8.1.1 Tissue substrate materials should be kept moist at alltimes with phosphate buffered saline (PBS).8.1.2 The substrate will be cut to the dimensions given inSection 7 using a template and a fresh scalpel blade or a cutterfabricate
38、d to the required dimensions.8.1.3 Wrap the tissue with gauze soaked in phosphatebuffered saline (PBS), place in a plastic bag, and place them ina water bath or environmental chamber at 37C.8.2 Preparation of the Adhesive Bond:8.2.1 Remove two tissue samples from the plastic bag andpat the surfaces
39、of the tissue dry with fresh gauze.8.2.2 Orient the samples as shown in Fig. 1 with the endstouching. A non-slip surface should be used to help hold thesamples in place during adhesive application.8.2.3 Prepare the adhesive and use according to the instruc-tions for use (IFU). For topical adhesives,
40、 care should be takento ensure that they are tested topically (as a bridge) as intendedfor clinical use and measures (petroleum jelly between edgesand the under surface and sides) should be taken to ensure theadhesive does not seep between the wound edges and providean interface bond. An interface b
41、ond may give highly variableresults. Adhesive thickness is also an important parameter totry and control and will also lead to tensile strength variation.By keeping the adhesive within the required bond area (0.5 cmon either side of the join line), thickness may be controlled byapplying a predetermi
42、ned volume of adhesive.8.3 After the adhesive has cured, measure and record thewidth and length of the adhesive bond to within 0.05 cm.8.4 Re-cover the tissue with gauze soaked in PBS, replacethe sample in a plastic bag, and return it to the constanttemperature environment.Adhesives should be allowe
43、d to cureaccording to the IFU and for a minimum of 15 min.9. Procedure9.1 Condition the test specimens for definite periods of timeunder specified, controlled conditions before testing if desired.Recommended conditions for tissue adhesives intended forinternal applications are 37C in PBS. For adhesi
44、ves intendedfor external topical use, recommended conditions are 30C and50 % relative humidity. For quality control testing, the recom-mended conditions are 23C and 50 % relative humidity. Afterconditioning, it is recommended that all specimens be stabi-lized at the test temperature for 15 min befor
45、e testing if the testtemperature is different from the conditioning temperature.Tissue samples must be kept moist with PBS throughout theprocess to prevent shrinkage due to drying.9.2 Place the test specimens in the grips of the testingmachine so that the applied load coincides with the long axis of
46、the specimen. The distance from the grip to the mid-line ofeach sample should be 5 cm, with the remaining 5 cm beingfirmly held with the grips. Load the specimen to failure at aconstant cross-head speed of 50 mm/min.9.3 Record the time from application to testing (cure time),force at failure (maximu
47、m force required to disrupt substrate),and the type of failure (percentage cohesive, adhesive, orsubstrate failure based on observation of the bond area).10. Calculations10.1 Calculate the median, mean, and standard deviation ofthe peak load at failure (Newtons (N) for each group ofsamples.11. Repor
48、t11.1 Report the following:11.1.1 Complete identification of the adhesive tested, in-cluding type, source, date manufactured, manufacturers lotnumber, and expiration date.11.1.2 Complete identification of the substrate used, itslength, width, and thickness, and any method used to clean orprepare the
49、 surface prior to bonding.11.1.3 Amount of adhesive applied.11.1.4 Method of adhesive application.FIG. 1 Test Specimen Top ViewF2458 05 (2015)311.1.5 Ambient conditions at time of bonding (temperatureand humidity).11.1.6 Length and width of adhesive bond.11.1.7 Conditioning of specimen prior to testing.11.1.8 Maximum, minimum, median, mean, and standarddeviation for the peak loads measured.11.1.9 Number of specimens tested.11.1.10 Type of failure. This should include estimatedpercentages of cohesive failure in the adhesive, apparentfailure in adhesion, and
