1、Designation: F2465/F2465M 05 (Reapproved 2011)1Standard Guide forOil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment: Single-pointSpray Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2465/F2465M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits information was editorially corrected in October 2011.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers perfo
3、rmance criteria, requirements,material characteristics, and essential features for oil spilldispersant application systems. This guide is not intended to berestrictive to a specific configuration.1.2 This guide covers vessel-based spray systems employ-ing single-point spray nozzles, including design
4、s that havebeen based on or evolved from “fire-monitor” systems, and isnot fully applicable to other systems such as spray boom/nozzle or aircraft systems.1.3 This guide is one of five related to dispersant applicationsystems. The other four guides cover the design of boom andnozzle systems, spray s
5、ystem calibration, spray depositionmeasurements, and use of the systems. Familiarity with all fiveguides (listed in 2.1) is recommended.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents;
6、 therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this s
7、tandard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1413 Guide for Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equip-ment: Boom and Nozzle SystemsF1460 Practice for Calibrating Oil Spil
8、l Dispersant Appli-cation Equipment Boom and Nozzle SystemsF1737 Guide for Use of Oil Spill Dispersant ApplicationEquipment During Spill Response: Boom and NozzleSystemsF1738 Test Method for Determination of Deposition ofAerially Applied Oil Spill Dispersants3. Equipment Description3.1 General“Singl
9、e-point” oil spill dispersant spray sys-tems include spray nozzles, some of which may be similar tothose used in firefighting, that generate a spray pattern directedout from a location on the side of the vessel without the needfor an outrigger boom or spray arm system to support the spraynozzle. The
10、 system includes a pumping or pressure system todeliver dispersants to the nozzle(s) or device used to spray thedispersant out onto the oil slick, and associated piping andcontrol valves. All systems shall include flow meters andpressure gauges to monitor the dispersant discharge. Allsystems shall b
11、e equipped with provision for cleaning anddrainage. System components shall be designed to give auniform droplet spray and volumetric coverage as described inthis guide.NOTE 1Nozzles used in firefighting applications are generally de-signed to direct a large quantity of water or firefighting foam, o
12、r both, toa small area or fire hot spot. As such, many standard firefighting nozzlesare not suitable for effective application of dispersant. Some firefightingnozzles have variable spray pattern adjustment and flow control and thesemay be suitable for dispersant application. Some foam application no
13、zzleshave been designed to generate uniform, volumetric fallout along thelength of their spray pattern and these have potential for dispersantapplication. Nozzles specifically designed for use in single-point disper-sant application systems are also available.3.2 Modes of OperationTypical operationa
14、l modes couldinclude two nozzles, one mounted on the port deck rail and theother on the starboard deck rail, both located towards the bowof the vessel. The nozzles are supplied dispersant from either acommon or separate pumps and are plumbed to permit inde-pendent operation and flow control. The noz
15、zles spray disper-sant out from the side of the vessel perpendicular to thedirection of the vessels movement and treat oil on each side ofthe vessel in the zone free of the influence of the vessels bow1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Re
16、sponse and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F2465 05. DOI:10.1520/F2465_F2465M-05R11E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
17、website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United
18、States.wave as it moves through the slick. This type of operation isonly effective in light winds.3.2.1 In moderate to high wind conditions the vessel wouldtravel in a cross-wind direction, and dispersant would besprayed downwind, only from the nozzle mounted on thedownwind side of the vessel. If no
19、zzles were mounted on bothsides of the vessels only the downwind of the two nozzleswould be used at any given time. Use of the two nozzles wouldalternate when the vessel reverses direction after completing aspray pass. Smaller single-point spray systems can utilizeportable, “manned” nozzles to permi
20、t the operator to direct thespray from the side of the vessel onto oil slicks either while thevessel is moving or stationary. This allows the operator totarget heavier patches of oil with dispersant as required.3.3 Neat versus Dilute ApplicationSingle-point spray sys-tems may be used to apply disper
21、sant neat or diluted, depend-ing on the manufacturers usage guidelines and on the slickconditions. Operators should be aware that some dispersantproducts are less effective when applied diluted with seawater.Manufacturers recommended usage guidelines and indepen-dent research on dispersant effective
22、ness testing shall beconsulted when considering dilute application.3.4 Operational Advantages:3.4.1 In operational terms, single-point spray systems mayoffer the following advantages over vessel-based applicationsystems:3.4.1.1 No specialized spray booms, spray boom attach-ments, or supports are req
23、uired, which makes the system easyto install on vessels-of-opportunity.3.4.1.2 Less possibility of damage to the spray equipment inrough sea conditions.3.4.1.3 The spray swath can be considerably wider thanconventional spray boom/multi-nozzle systems.3.4.2 Single-point spray systems may offer the fo
24、llowingadvantages over conventional boom and nozzle applicationsystems:3.4.2.1 The single nozzles are easier to maintain than themultiple small orifices used in spray boom systems.3.4.2.2 Higher application rates are possible which mayallow one-pass spraying in thick oil conditions.3.4.2.3 The singl
25、e-point spray nozzle can be used in a“manned” operation and dispersant spray can be directed tothick oil patches in the vicinity of the vessel without the needto precisely position the spray vessel.3.5 Operational DisadvantagesThe single-point spraysystems may have the following disadvantages as com
26、paredwith conventional boom/multiple nozzle vessel and aircraftapplication systems.3.5.1 The spray pattern from single-nozzle systems may bemore susceptible to wind influences than conventional boom/multiple nozzle systems.3.5.2 May be less able to apply a uniform dose rate ofdispersant.3.5.3 Applic
27、ation of low doses of dispersant for treatment ofthin oil slicks is difficult unless the dispersant is diluted withseawater.3.5.4 The vessel platform has slow transit and applicationspeeds when compared with aircraft application systems (aproblem common to all vessel-based application methods).4. Mi
28、nimum Equipment Performance Specifications4.1 Target DosageOil spill dispersant spray equipmentshall provide a dispersant dosage of between 20 to 1000 L perhectare 2 to 100 U.S. gal per acre. It is not a requirement thata single system cover the entire range. Section 7.2 of thisstandard lists the re
29、quirements for dosage and application datato be provided by the manufacturer.4.2 Dispersant Flow or Injection Rate DeterminationThedispersant flow from each single-point nozzle shall be moni-tored using appropriate pressure and flow meters. The disper-sant flow rate (for diluted application, the dis
30、persant flow rateis equal to the dispersant injection rate) must be sufficient toproduce the required dosage on the thickness of oil beingencountered4.2.1 Dispersant flow rate (DFR) shall be verified using thefollowing equations:DFR 5 S 3 W 3 D 3 1.67 3 1023(1)where:DFR = dispersant flow rate, L/min
31、,S = speed of the delivery vehicle, km/h,W = swath width, m, andD = dosage, L/ha.Or equivalently in U.S. units:DFR 5 S 3 W 3 D 3 2.33 3 1023(2)where:DFR = dispersant flow rate, U.S. gal/min (USGPM),S = speed of the delivery vehicle, knots,W = swath width, ft, andD = dosage, U.S. gal per acre (USGPA)
32、.4.3 Droplet Size DistributionThe droplet size distributionof the dispersant reaching the target shall have a VolumeMedian Diameter (VMD) of between 300 to 800 m. Thevolume median diameter is a means of expressing droplet sizein terms of the volume of liquid sprayed. The median volumediameter drople
33、t size, when measured in terms of volume, is avalue where 50 % of the total volume of liquid sprayed is madeup of droplets with diameters larger than the median value and50 % smaller than the median value. Droplets having diameterslesser than approximately 300 m have a lower probability ofhitting th
34、e target because of excessive wind drift. Particles withdiameters greater than 800 m have a higher probability ofpenetrating through thin and non-viscous oil slicks to the watersurface where their effectiveness is lost.4.3.1 DiscussionThere is a trade-off in effectiveness ver-sus drop size. Larger d
35、rop sizes may be desirable from anapplication point-of-view as they have more momentum andcan be more easily broadcast, with control, over a wide area.From an effectiveness point-of-view, larger drops may be lessdesirable as they can lead to herding of the slick, ineffectivedispersant application, a
36、nd wasted dispersant. Larger dropsmay also be inefficient on thin slicks, but this is not likely to bea problem for drops smaller (in diameter) than the slickF2465/F2465M 05 (2011)12thickness. There are no universally agreed limits for dispersantdrop size; the range stated here is based on the curre
37、nt state ofknowledge and should be revised when experience or experi-mentation permits.4.3.2 Test Method F1738 provides guidelines for the mea-surement of dispersant drop sizes from aerially applied oil spilldispersants and these guidelines can be used to measure dropsizes from single-point, vessel-
38、based spray systems. However,it is adequate to visually assess the characteristics of thedispersant spray droplets as outlined in Guide F1737.4.3.3 Guide F1737 states that acceptable dispersant dropletsshall be “visually larger than a fog or mist and smaller thanheavy rain” and this description accu
39、rately describes a suitablespray in the case of the single-point spray systems. Fogs andmists are made up of drops 100 m and less in diameter. Heavyrain is made up of drops greater than about 1000 m (1 mm).4.4 Maximum Delivery Variation Over Spray SwathTheequipment shall be capable of delivering dis
40、persant to thewater surface with a maximum delivery variance of 25 % overthe length of the spray pattern. The swath width is defined asthe length between the points at which the delivery dropsbelow 90 % of the design fallout. Deposition characteristics ofsingle-point nozzle systems can be determined
41、 using themethods outlined in Test Method F1738. If this method is usedthe spray system would be moved parallel along the up-windside of the spray collection zone, with the spray nozzle orientedperpendicular to the direction of travel and pointed down-wind,so the spray falls out over the collection
42、area similar to thespray from an aerial application. Tests shall be completed incalm or light down-wind conditions.NOTE 2It may be more pratical and economical to determine thedispersant delivery variation along the swath width in a stationary test.Presently, the applicable test method (F1738) does
43、not specifically allowfor this, but it may be possible to modify the procedure in Test MethodF1738 to produce an acceptable test. If this is contemplated, several testissues must be resolved, including: start and end conditions, establishmentof steady-state conditions, and measurement of swath width
44、.5. Safety5.1 GeneralSafety issues concerning the storage andhandling of oil spill dispersants, Material Safety Data Sheets(MSDS) information, and personnel safety on vessels whileusing dispersants and dispersant application equipment arediscussed in Guide F1737.6. Material Characteristics6.1 Corros
45、ion ResistanceMaterials used in the spray sys-tem shall be corrosion-resistant to salt water. All materials thatcome into contact with dispersants shall be compatible withthat dispersant. Special attention shall be given to pumpcomponents. Consultation with the dispersant manufacturer isrecommended.
46、6.2 Extreme Temperature PropertiesSystems to be usedor stored at extreme temperatures shall be constructed ofmaterials that are not adversely affected by those temperatures.Temperature range specifications shall be clearly indicated onthe spray equipment.7. Information to be Provided to User7.1 Perf
47、ormance data shall be provided to the user by themanufacturer, and shall include:7.1.1 Estimated or measured droplet size information(VMD in m),7.1.2 Volumetric output distribution over the swath width(%),7.1.3 A table of pump rates and dispersant injection ratesranging from the recommended minimum
48、to the recommendedmaximum,7.1.4 Nozzle design height,7.1.5 The nozzle discharge angle from horizontal for opti-mum spray swath at selected pump rate,7.1.6 Swath width,7.1.7 Recommended operating pressures at the inlet to thenozzle, and7.1.8 Dose variation versus ship roll.7.2 Dilute versus Neat Appl
49、icationThe manufacturer shallspecify whether the system is intended for neat or diluteapplication, or both, and shall specify the operating parametersfor neat and dilute application if both are applicable to thesystem.7.3 Dosage ChartThe manufacturer shall supply the userwith a chart of dosages achievable with different vessel speedsand different dispersant flow or injection rates (if diluteapplication is considered), and dosages in a 90-degree (hori-zontal) arc if operating in a stationary position.7.4 Accuracy of DataThe data referenced in 7.1 and
