1、Designation: F2465/F2465M 05 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Guide forOil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment: Single-pointSpray Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2465/F2465M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers performance criteria, requirements,material characteristics, and essent
3、ial features for oil spilldispersant application systems. This guide is not intended to berestrictive to a specific configuration.1.2 This guide covers vessel-based spray systems employ-ing single-point spray nozzles, including designs that havebeen based on or evolved from “fire-monitor” systems, a
4、nd isnot fully applicable to other systems such as spray boom/nozzle or aircraft systems.1.3 This guide is one of five related to dispersant applicationsystems. The other four guides cover the design of boom andnozzle systems, spray system calibration, spray depositionmeasurements, and use of the sy
5、stems. Familiarity with all fiveguides (listed in 2.1) is recommended.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. C
6、ombiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and
7、determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1737 Guide for Use of Oil Spill Dispersant ApplicationEquipment During Spill Response: Boom and NozzleSystemsF1738 Test Method for Determination of Deposition ofAerially Applied Oil Spill
8、Dispersants3. Equipment Description3.1 General“Single-point” oil spill dispersant spray sys-tems include spray nozzles, some of which may be similar tothose used in firefighting, that generate a spray pattern directedout from a location on the side of the vessel without the needfor an outrigger boom
9、 or spray arm system to support the spraynozzle. The system includes a pumping or pressure system todeliver dispersants to the nozzle(s) or device used to spray thedispersant out onto the oil slick, and associated piping andcontrol valves. All systems shall include flow meters andpressure gauges to
10、monitor the dispersant discharge. Allsystems shall be equipped with provision for cleaning anddrainage. System components shall be designed to give auniform droplet spray and volumetric coverage as described inthis guide.NOTE 1Nozzles used in firefighting applications are generally de-signed to dire
11、ct a large quantity of water or firefighting foam, or both, toa small area or fire hot spot. As such, many standard firefighting nozzlesare not suitable for effective application of dispersant. Some firefightingnozzles have variable spray pattern adjustment and flow control and thesemay be suitable
12、for dispersant application. Some foam application nozzleshave been designed to generate uniform, volumetric fallout along thelength of their spray pattern and these have potential for dispersantapplication. Nozzles specifically designed for use in single-point disper-sant application systems are als
13、o available.3.2 Modes of OperationTypical operational modes couldinclude two nozzles, one mounted on the port deck rail and theother on the starboard deck rail, both located towards the bowof the vessel. The nozzles are supplied dispersant from either acommon or separate pumps and are plumbed to per
14、mit inde-pendent operation and flow control. The nozzles spray disper-sant out from the side of the vessel perpendicular to thedirection of the vessels movement and treat oil on each side ofthe vessel in the zone free of the influence of the vessels bowwave as it moves through the slick. This type o
15、f operation isonly effective in light winds.3.2.1 In moderate to high wind conditions the vessel wouldtravel in a cross-wind direction, and dispersant would besprayed downwind, only from the nozzle mounted on thedownwind side of the vessel. If nozzles were mounted on bothsides of the vessels only th
16、e downwind of the two nozzles1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016. Published March 2016. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last pre
17、vious edition approved in 2011 as F2465/F2465M 05(2011)1. DOI: 10.1520/F2465_F2465M-05R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Sum
18、mary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1would be used at any given time. Use of the two nozzles wouldalternate when the vessel reverses direction after completing aspray pass. Smaller single-point
19、spray systems can utilizeportable, “manned” nozzles to permit the operator to direct thespray from the side of the vessel onto oil slicks either while thevessel is moving or stationary. This allows the operator totarget heavier patches of oil with dispersant as required.3.3 Neat versus Dilute Applic
20、ationSingle-point spray sys-tems may be used to apply dispersant neat or diluted, depend-ing on the manufacturers usage guidelines and on the slickconditions. Operators should be aware that some dispersantproducts are less effective when applied diluted with seawater.Manufacturers recommended usage
21、guidelines and indepen-dent research on dispersant effectiveness testing shall beconsulted when considering dilute application.3.4 Operational Advantages:3.4.1 In operational terms, single-point spray systems mayoffer the following advantages over vessel-based applicationsystems:3.4.1.1 No specializ
22、ed spray booms, spray boomattachments, or supports are required, which makes the systemeasy to install on vessels-of-opportunity.3.4.1.2 Less possibility of damage to the spray equipment inrough sea conditions.3.4.1.3 The spray swath can be considerably wider thanconventional spray boom/multi-nozzle
23、 systems.3.4.2 Single-point spray systems may offer the followingadvantages over conventional boom and nozzle applicationsystems:3.4.2.1 The single nozzles are easier to maintain than themultiple small orifices used in spray boom systems.3.4.2.2 Higher application rates are possible which mayallow o
24、ne-pass spraying in thick oil conditions.3.4.2.3 The single-point spray nozzle can be used in a“manned” operation and dispersant spray can be directed tothick oil patches in the vicinity of the vessel without the needto precisely position the spray vessel.3.5 Operational DisadvantagesThe single-poin
25、t spraysystems may have the following disadvantages as comparedwith conventional boom/multiple nozzle vessel and aircraftapplication systems.3.5.1 The spray pattern from single-nozzle systems may bemore susceptible to wind influences than conventional boom/multiple nozzle systems.3.5.2 May be less a
26、ble to apply a uniform dose rate ofdispersant.3.5.3 Application of low doses of dispersant for treatment ofthin oil slicks is difficult unless the dispersant is diluted withseawater.3.5.4 The vessel platform has slow transit and applicationspeeds when compared with aircraft application systems (apro
27、blem common to all vessel-based application methods).4. Minimum Equipment Performance Specifications4.1 Target DosageOil spill dispersant spray equipmentshall provide a dispersant dosage of between 20 to 1000 L perhectare 2 to 100 U.S. gal per acre. It is not a requirement thata single system cover
28、the entire range. Section 7.2 of thisstandard lists the requirements for dosage and application datato be provided by the manufacturer.4.2 Dispersant Flow or Injection Rate DeterminationThedispersant flow from each single-point nozzle shall be moni-tored using appropriate pressure and flow meters. T
29、he disper-sant flow rate (for diluted application, the dispersant flow rateis equal to the dispersant injection rate) must be sufficient toproduce the required dosage on the thickness of oil beingencountered4.2.1 Dispersant flow rate (DFR) shall be verified using thefollowing equations:DFR 5 S 3W 3D
30、 31.67 31023(1)where:DFR = dispersant flow rate, L/min,S = speed of the delivery vehicle, km/h,W = swath width, m, andD = dosage, L/ha.Or equivalently in U.S. units:DFR 5 S 3W 3D 32.33 31023(2)where:DFR = dispersant flow rate, U.S. gal/min (USGPM),S = speed of the delivery vehicle, knots,W = swath w
31、idth, ft, andD = dosage, U.S. gal per acre (USGPA).4.3 Droplet Size DistributionThe droplet size distributionof the dispersant reaching the target shall have a VolumeMedian Diameter (VMD) of between 300 to 800 m. Thevolume median diameter is a means of expressing droplet sizein terms of the volume o
32、f liquid sprayed. The median volumediameter droplet size, when measured in terms of volume, is avalue where 50 % of the total volume of liquid sprayed is madeup of droplets with diameters larger than the median value and50 % smaller than the median value. Droplets having diameterslesser than approxi
33、mately 300 m have a lower probability ofhitting the target because of excessive wind drift. Particles withdiameters greater than 800 m have a higher probability ofpenetrating through thin and non-viscous oil slicks to the watersurface where their effectiveness is lost.4.3.1 DiscussionThere is a trad
34、e-off in effectiveness ver-sus drop size. Larger drop sizes may be desirable from anapplication point-of-view as they have more momentum andcan be more easily broadcast, with control, over a wide area.From an effectiveness point-of-view, larger drops may be lessdesirable as they can lead to herding
35、of the slick, ineffectivedispersant application, and wasted dispersant. Larger dropsmay also be inefficient on thin slicks, but this is not likely to bea problem for drops smaller (in diameter) than the slickthickness. There are no universally agreed limits for dispersantdrop size; the range stated
36、here is based on the current state ofknowledge and should be revised when experience or experi-mentation permits.4.3.2 Test Method F1738 provides guidelines for the mea-surement of dispersant drop sizes from aerially applied oil spilldispersants and these guidelines can be used to measure dropsizes
37、from single-point, vessel-based spray systems. However,F2465/F2465M 05 (2016)2it is adequate to visually assess the characteristics of thedispersant spray droplets as outlined in Guide F1737.4.3.3 Guide F1737 states that acceptable dispersant dropletsshall be “visually larger than a fog or mist and
38、smaller thanheavy rain” and this description accurately describes a suitablespray in the case of the single-point spray systems. Fogs andmists are made up of drops 100 m and less in diameter. Heavyrain is made up of drops greater than about 1000 m (1 mm).4.4 Maximum Delivery Variation Over Spray Swa
39、thTheequipment shall be capable of delivering dispersant to thewater surface with a maximum delivery variance of 25 % overthe length of the spray pattern. The swath width is defined asthe length between the points at which the delivery dropsbelow 90 % of the design fallout. Deposition characteristic
40、s ofsingle-point nozzle systems can be determined using themethods outlined in Test Method F1738. If this method is usedthe spray system would be moved parallel along the up-windside of the spray collection zone, with the spray nozzle orientedperpendicular to the direction of travel and pointed down
41、-wind,so the spray falls out over the collection area similar to thespray from an aerial application. Tests shall be completed incalm or light down-wind conditions.NOTE 2It may be more practical and economical to determine thedispersant delivery variation along the swath width in a stationary test.P
42、resently, the applicable test method (F1738) does not specifically allowfor this, but it may be possible to modify the procedure in Test MethodF1738 to produce an acceptable test. If this is contemplated, several testissues must be resolved, including: start and end conditions, establishmentof stead
43、y-state conditions, and measurement of swath width.5. Safety5.1 GeneralSafety issues concerning the storage and han-dling of oil spill dispersants, Material Safety Data Sheets(MSDS) information, and personnel safety on vessels whileusing dispersants and dispersant application equipment arediscussed
44、in Guide F1737.6. Material Characteristics6.1 Corrosion ResistanceMaterials used in the spray sys-tem shall be corrosion-resistant to salt water. All materials thatcome into contact with dispersants shall be compatible withthat dispersant. Special attention shall be given to pumpcomponents. Consulta
45、tion with the dispersant manufacturer isrecommended.6.2 Extreme Temperature PropertiesSystems to be used orstored at extreme temperatures shall be constructed of materi-als that are not adversely affected by those temperatures.Temperature range specifications shall be clearly indicated onthe spray e
46、quipment.7. Information to be Provided to User7.1 Performance data shall be provided to the user by themanufacturer, and shall include:7.1.1 Estimated or measured droplet size information(VMD in m),7.1.2 Volumetric output distribution over the swath width(%),7.1.3 A table of pump rates and dispersan
47、t injection ratesranging from the recommended minimum to the recommendedmaximum,7.1.4 Nozzle design height,7.1.5 The nozzle discharge angle from horizontal for opti-mum spray swath at selected pump rate,7.1.6 Swath width,7.1.7 Recommended operating pressures at the inlet to thenozzle, and7.1.8 Dose
48、variation versus ship roll.7.2 Dilute versus Neat ApplicationThe manufacturer shallspecify whether the system is intended for neat or diluteapplication, or both, and shall specify the operating parametersfor neat and dilute application if both are applicable to thesystem.7.3 Dosage ChartThe manufact
49、urer shall supply the userwith a chart of dosages achievable with different vessel speedsand different dispersant flow or injection rates (if diluteapplication is considered), and dosages in a 90-degree (hori-zontal) arc if operating in a stationary position.7.4 Accuracy of DataThe data referenced in 7.1 and 7.3shall be accurate to two significant digits.7.5 Materials of ConstructionThe supplier shall providethe user with a list of materials of construction.7.6 Nozzles and Pumps:7.6.1 The supplier shall provide full data on themanufacturer, model numbe
