1、Designation: F2506 101F2506 13Standard Specification forDesign and Testing of Fixed-Pitch or Ground AdjustableLight Sport Aircraft Propellers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2506; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTETable 1 and 6.5.1 editorially corrected in June 2013.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the
3、 establishment of the minimum requirements for the design, testing, and quality assurance offixed-pitch or ground adjustable propellers for light sport aircraft. These propellers are used on light aircraft, and could be usedwith engines conforming to Practice F2339.1.1.1 When applying the additions
4、provided in Appendix X1, this specification also covers the establishment of the minimumrequirements for the design, testing and quality assurance of in-flight adjustable propellers for light-sport aircraft.1.2 This specification is intended for use by manufacturers of propellers for light sport air
5、craft.1.3 This specification does not address the airframe installation requirements for propellers.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and heal
6、th practices and to determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2339 Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocating Spark Ignition Engines for Light Sport Aircraft3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 blade, nthe aerodynamic porti
7、on of a propeller which is rotated through and acts on the air.3.1.2 blade root, nthe portion of the blade that interfaces with the hub and provides retention.3.1.3 conventional fixed pitch propeller, na one-piece fixed pitch propeller that is constructed of material such as wood ormetal that has no
8、 abrupt changes in material properties as the blades transition through the hub area.3.1.3.1 DiscussionA propeller with wooden blades bonded to a metallic hub would not be conventional.3.1.4 fixed pitch propeller, na propeller with no capacity for pitch setting adjustment.3.1.5 ground adjustable pro
9、peller, na propeller whose pitch setting is adjustable only when the aircraft is on the ground andthe propeller is not rotating.3.1.6 hub, nany device that retains the blades of a propeller assembly.3.1.7 pitch setting, nthe propeller blade setting as determined by the blade angle measured in a mann
10、er, and at a radius,specified by the instruction manual for the propeller.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F37 on Light Sport Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F37.70 on Cross Cutting.Current edition approved May 15, 2010Sept. 1, 2013. Publishe
11、d June 2010September 2013. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20072010 asF2506 07.101. DOI: 10.1520/F2506-10E01.10.1520/F2506-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AST
12、M Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically po
13、ssible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
14、West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.8 propeller, na device for propelling an aircraft that has blades on an engine-driven shaft and that, when rotated, producesby its action on the air, a thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation.4. General4.1 Each manufacturer who
15、claims compliance to this specification must be able to show compliance with the applicablerequirements of this specification.4.2 Manufacturers must prepare and make available a list of acceptable engine-propeller combinations.4.3 Manufacturers must prepare and make available an operating manual or
16、manuals containing, at minimum, the followinginformation:4.3.1 An overall description of the propeller and its features.4.3.2 The mass moment of inertia of the propeller about its rotational axis.4.3.3 Instructions for installation of the propeller.4.3.4 Instructions for operation of the propeller.4
17、.3.5 The maximum allowable engine power and rotational speed and any other propeller operating limitations found necessaryby the manufacturer for the safe operation of the propeller.4.3.6 For ground adjustable propellers, instructions for pitch adjustment and the minimum and maximum pitch settings a
18、llowedduring operation.4.3.7 Instructions for removal of the propeller.4.4 Each manufacturer must prepare and make available a maintenance manual. The maintenance manual is intended to providefor continued safe and proper operation of the propeller throughout its life cycle and contains, at minimum,
19、 the following content:4.4.1 A maintenance schedule that provides the recommended periods at which the propeller should be cleaned, adjusted,inspected, and tested.4.4.2 The applicable damage and wear allowances.4.4.3 Any applicable maintenance and overhaul instructions, which include the following:4
20、.4.3.1 A list of tools needed.4.4.3.2 Skills or training required for personnel performing the work.4.4.3.3 Inspections required.4.4.3.4 Details of repair and overhaul sequence and methods.4.4.3.5 Applicable testing requirements.4.4.4 If a manufacturer deems it necessary to set mandatory replacement
21、 intervals of propellers or propeller components, thedetails of this requirement shall be stated in a separate, clearly distinguishable section entitled Life Limitations.5. Design and Construction5.1 Design FeaturesThe propeller may not have design features that have been shown to be hazardous or un
22、reliable unlessthe suitability of each questionable design detail or part can be established by tests.5.2 MaterialsThe suitability and durability of materials used in the propeller must:5.2.1 be established on the basis of in-service experience or tests; and5.2.2 conform to documented specifications
23、 that ensure that strength and other material properties consistently meet or exceedthose used in the initial design and qualification testing.5.3 DurabilityEach part of the propeller must be designed and constructed with consideration of likely in-service damage andwear. The propeller must be able
24、to operate normally between inspection and overhaul periods at the maximum damage and wearlimits published in the maintenance manual.5.4 Ground-Adjustable PropellersThe adjustment system of a ground-adjustable propeller must be designed such that nosingle failure or malfunction in that system during
25、 normal or emergency operation will result in unacceptable changes in propellerblade pitch setting. Failure of structural elements need not be considered if the occurrence of such a failure is expected to beextremely remote.5.5 Propeller Strength and EndurancePropellers must be shown to have satisfa
26、ctory endurance as well as stresses that do notexceed values shown to be safe for continuous operation in accordance with the applicable requirements of Section 6, Tests andInspections.6. Tests and Inspections6.1 General:6.1.1 Each manufacturer must be able to show that the propeller concerned can c
27、omplete the applicable tests and inspectionsof this section without evidence of failure or malfunction.6.1.2 The minimum applicable testing and inspection requirements are outlined in Table 1 according to propeller material type.6.2 Strength Testing:F2506 1326.2.1 Proof of strength must be shown for
28、 all propellers except conventional fixed pitch propellers.6.2.2 On all other propellers, the blade root and blade retention system must be tested for 1 h at a load level equal to two timesthe centrifugal load that would be generated by the blade weight at maximum rated rotational speed. This may be
29、 done by eithera whirl test or a static pull test. The required pull load for each blade must be carried by at least the inner 20 % of its span.6.3 Stress Measurement, Fatigue Strength, and Fatigue AnalysisVibration testing may be performed to allow reducedendurance test hours. This section does not
30、 apply to conventional fixed pitch wooden propellers.6.3.1 The magnitude of the propeller vibration stresses, including any stress peaks and resonant conditions, throughout theoperational envelope of the propeller shall be determined:6.3.1.1 By direct measurement of stresses on a vibrationally repre
31、sentative engine, or6.3.1.2 Comparison of the propeller to similar propellers installed on similar airplane installations for which thesemeasurements have been made.6.3.2 Through testing or analysis, the fatigue allowable for root, mid-blade and tip regions of the propeller blade shall bedetermined.
32、 This testing shall also account for normal in-service damage and wear.6.3.3 Using the measured stresses and root, mid-blade, and tip fatigue allowables, a fatigue assessment shall be conducted toshow that failure of the propeller will not occur between the declared propeller inspection intervals wh
33、en using the declaredinspection techniques.6.4 Endurance TestingThe propeller shall undergo an endurance test on the intended engine or a vibrationally representativeengine that is capable of providing the maximum rated power at the maximum rated propeller rotational speed and diameter. Thepropeller
34、 pitch may be adjusted as necessary to achieve maximum rated takeoff power at maximum rated takeoff RPM. Propellerpitch need not be readjusted for the remainder of the test unless necessary to avoid declared operational speed placards. Duringthe test, it is acceptable to stop the test as needed, but
35、 the test should be restarted and continued from the point in the test schedulewhere it was stopped. The entire endurance test shall be completed by a single propeller and hardware. All propellers must besubjected to one of the following tests:6.4.1 Conventional fixed pitch wooden propellers or prop
36、ellers with a vibration stress survey must be subjected to one of thefollowing tests:6.4.1.1 A 50-h flight test in level flight or in climb. At least 5 h of this flight must be with the propeller operated at the ratedrotational speed, and the remainder of the 50 h must be with the propeller operated
37、 at not less than 90 % of the rated rotationalspeed.6.4.1.2 A 50-h ground test on an engine at the power and propeller rotational speed for which a rating is sought.6.4.2 Propellers without a vibration stress survey must be subjected to one of the following tests:6.4.2.1 The endurance test shall be
38、conducted according to the schedule, and in the order, shown in Fig. 1.6.4.2.2 Compliance with 6.4.2.1 may be accomplished by providing documented service experience for the duration, power andspeeds for the conditions shown in Fig. 1.The 10-h segment at maximum declared takeoff power and rpm shall
39、be the final segmentof testing after all other power and speed segments are completed.6.4.3 An analysis based on tests of propellers of similar design may be used in place of the tests 6.4.1 and 6.4.2.6.5 Teardown Inspection:6.5.1 After completion of each test prescribed in Section 6 of this specifi
40、cation, the propeller must be completely disassembledand a detailed inspection must be made of the propeller parts for cracks, wear, distortion, and any other unusual conditions.6.5.2 Any unsatisfactory findings during the teardown inspection must be resolved through design changes and additionaltes
41、ting as necessary to establish the compliance of the propeller to this specification.6.6 Propeller Adjustments and Parts ReplacementsThe manufacturer may service and make repairs to the propeller during thetests. Any service or repairs completed must be allowed by the maintenance manual. If repairs
42、or replacement of parts that arebeyond the scope of the maintenance manual are found necessary during the tests or in the teardown inspection, the parts inquestion must be subjected to additional testing or design changes, or both, as necessary to establish the compliance of the propellerto this spe
43、cification.7. Identification Marking7.1 Each manufacturer of a propeller, propeller blade, or propeller hub shall identify each by means of a plate, stamping,engraving, etching, or other method of permanent identification.TABLE 1 Applicable Section 6 Paragraphs for Testing andInspection Requirements
44、PropellerBlade MaterialTypeStrengthTestingFatigue(Vibration)TestingEnduranceTestingInspection/MaintenanceWood 6.2 6.3 optional 6.4 6.5 and 6.6Composite 6.2 6.3 optional 6.4 6.5 and 6.6Metal 6.2 6.3 required 6.4.1 or 6.4.3 6.5 and 6.6F2506 1337.2 The identification shall be placed on a non-critical s
45、urface that will not likely be defaced or removed during normal serviceor lost or destroyed in an accident.7.3 The identification marking(s) shall contain the following information. Propeller diameter, pitch (for fixed-pitch propellers),and manufacturers identification must be obvious from the marki
46、ng(s). The other required information can be encoded orabbreviated as necessary to limit the space required for the marking(s):7.3.1 Manufacturers identification.7.3.2 Propeller model designation.7.3.3 Propeller serial number.7.3.4 Part number (or equivalent).7.3.5 Propeller diameter.7.3.6 Propeller
47、 pitch (for fixed-pitch propellers).8. Design Control8.1 The design of a propeller consists of at least the following:8.1.1 The drawings and specifications, and a listing of those drawings and specifications necessary to define the configurationand the design features of the propeller shown to compl
48、y with this specification.8.1.2 Information on dimensions, materials, and processes necessary to define the structural strength of the propeller.8.1.3 Any other data necessary to allow, by comparison, the determination that later propellers of the same or similar designmeet the requirements of this
49、specification.9. Quality Assurance9.1 The propeller manufacturer shall have a quality assurance system that ensures manufactured propellers maintain conformityto the established design.10. Keywords10.1 light sport aircraft; propellerFIG. 1 Propeller Endurance Test ScheduleF2506 134APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR IN-FLIGHT ADJUSTABLE PROPELLERSX1.1 DefinitionsX1.1.1 In-Flight Adjustable PropellerAny propeller that allows for in-flight propeller rotational speed adjustment via pitchchange of the propeller blades, includin
