1、Designation: F2534 12Standard Guide forVisually Estimating Oil Spill Thickness on Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2534; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for estimat-ing the thickness of oil on water using only visual clues.1.2 This guide applies to o
3、il-on-water and does not pertainto oil on land or other surfaces.1.3 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crudeoils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine orfresh water conditions.1.4 The thickness values obtained using this guide are atbest estimates because the appea
4、rance of oil on water may beaffected by a number of factors including oil type, sea state,visibility conditions, and weather.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all o
5、f thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1779 Practice for Repo
6、rting Visual Observations of Oil onWater3. Significance and Use3.1 Estimations of oil slick thickness are useful for:3.1.1 Estimating amount (volume) of oil in an area,3.1.2 Positioning oil spill countermeasures in optimal loca-tions,3.1.3 Evaluating a spill situation,3.1.4 Estimating volume for leg
7、al or prosecution purposes,such as for an illegal discharge, and3.1.5 Developing spill control strategies.3.2 This guide is only applicable to thin sheens (sheen andrainbow sheen up to about 3 m). Thick oil and water-in-oilemulsions do not show visual differences with respect tothickness (1, 2).34.
8、Summary of Thickness Estimation Results4.1 Table 1 has been summarized from a variety of literaturesources (see Appendix X1).4.2 It should be noted that the only physical change inappearance that is reliable is the onset of rainbow colors, at 0.5to 3 m thickness. All other appearances vary with weat
9、her,visibility conditions, look angle, oil type, water conditions andcolor, presence of waves, and the presence of other material onthe water surface. Therefore it is important to treat these asestimates and where possible give ranges of thicknesses. Ifvolume is to be calculated, it should also be g
10、iven as a range ofvalues.5. Summary5.1 The change in visual appearance of an oil slick on waterprovides a means to estimate oil slick thickness. Only theappearance of rainbow colors at 0.5 to 3 m is an indication ofslick thickness and only in the range noted. Other appearanceschange with the variabl
11、es noted and thus should be used withcaution.6. Keywords6.1 oil observations; oil thickness; oil thickness estimation;oil visibility; slick thickness1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommit
12、teeF20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2012. Published January 2012. Originallyapproved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F2534 06. DOI:10.1520/F2534-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Ser
13、vice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
14、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND OF SLICK THICKNESS DATAX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 An important tool for working with oil spills hasbeen the relationship between appearance and thickness. Littleresearch work has been done
15、on the topic in recent timesbecause thickness charts were available for many years (Prac-tice F1779) (Fingas et al., 1999) (3). In fact, present thicknesscharts actually date from 1930 (Congress, 1930) (4).Itwasrecognized before 1930 that slicks on water had somewhatconsistent appearances. A series
16、of experiments were con-ducted in the 1930s and resulted in charts that are still used.Only a few experiments have been done in recent years. ThisAppendix will summarize this development of slick appear-ance charts.X1.1.2 The early work may not have accounted for severalfactors:X1.1.2.1 Effect of Sl
17、ick HeterogeneityOils, especiallyheavier ones, do not form slicks of consistent thickness on thewater surface. Even visual examination shows a type of friedegg vertical profile. This effect is, however, not as relevant onlarger slicks and with less viscous products. Many slicks do notcover the entir
18、e area. The effect of surface tension is to pullsome oils together so that slicklets are formed rather than oneuniform slick.X1.1.2.2 Effect of EvaporationThe early experiments ig-nored the effect of evaporation on mass balance.X1.1.2.3 Effect of View AngleView angle is critical toobserving slicks o
19、n water, especially with respect to the sun.How this affects appearance thresholds is not fully explored.X1.1.2.4 Effect of Waves on the SurfaceThe appearance ofoil slicks on calm water versus that with different waveconditions may be different.X1.1.2.5 Effect of Atmospheric and Viewing ConditionsFa
20、ctor that may be important are haze and cloud cover. Hazestrongly reduces visibility. Slicks are often less visible in theabsence of a cloud cover. Glitter or reflection from the sea isknown to cause viewing problems.X1.1.2.6 Effect of Oil TypeDark oils are more visible onthe surface than gasoline o
21、r diesel fuel.X1.2 Slick VisibilityX1.2.1 Theoretical Approaches:X1.2.1.1 Horstein (1972) (5) reviewed theoretical ap-proaches and used interference phenomenon to correlate thethreshold of rainbow colors to slick thickness. The appearanceof rainbow colors is the result of constructive and destructiv
22、einterference of light waves reflected from the air-oil interfacewith those reflected from the oil-water interface (Fingas et al.,1999) (3). The difference in optical path lengths for these twowaves depends on the refractive index of the oil. The refractiveindices of given wavelengths results in dif
23、ferent optical pathlengths. This difference can be given as:DL 5 2t2 sin2I!1/2(X1.1)where:DL = the difference in optical path length,t = the film thickness, = the refractive index of the film, andI = the angle of light incidence.X1.2.1.2 Horstein points out that if DL contains an evennumber of wavel
24、engths, then maximum destructive interfer-ence will occur. Destructive interference occurs when lightwaves are in a phase alignment that they annul each other andthus the resulting amplitude of light is less. Constructiveinterference is the opposite. If DL contains an odd number ofwavelengths, then
25、maximum constructive interference willoccur.X1.2.1.3 Then the maximum destructive interferences occurat:l5DL/x (X1.2)where:l = the wavelength under consideration, andx = an even integer such as 2, 4 etc.X1.2.1.4 The maximum constructive interferences occur at:l52DL/x (X1.3)where:x = an odd integer s
26、uch as 1, 3, 5, 7 etc.X1.2.1.5 Tables of constructive and destructive wavelengthsresulted in a color chart for visible oil as: thickness less that0.15 mno color apparent, thickness of 0.15 mwarm toneapparent, thickness of 0.2 to 0.9 mvariety of colors (forexample, rainbow), and for thickness greater
27、 than 0.9 mcolors of less purity, heading toward grey. The color generationTABLE 1 Visibility Characteristics (Appearance)MinimumObservableThicknessMinimum Onset Thickness (m)Silvery RainbowDarkRainbowDarkATypicalRange0.08 0.1 0.5 3 30.05 to 0.2 0.1 to 0.3 0.2 to 3 3AThis color is sometimes called o
28、il-like, dark colored, brown, black, ormetallic.F2534 122by constructive and destructive interference provides the onlyphysical measure that provides a positive indication of thick-ness. Thus if the rainbow colors are seen, then the thickness forthat area ranges from 0.2 to 0.9 m.X1.2.1.6 Horstein a
29、lso calculated the differential reflectivityof oil and water. He calculated that the reflectivity of oil is0.041 and that of water is 0.021 at an incidence angle of 30.At 60 oil shows a reflectivity of 0.09 and water of 0.06; andat 75, oil has a reflectivity of 0.25 and water that of 0.21.These angl
30、es are calculated as the angle of light incidence fromthe vertical, and thus show that reflectivity increases as theangle of viewing becomes less vertical. The reflectivity mayexplain the visibility of very thin films of oil (less than shownby coloration) on the water surface. This calculation demon
31、-strates that viewing angle is important and that the greatestcontrast is seen from near vertical angles.X1.2.2 Literature Review:X1.2.2.1 Literature results are summarized in Table X1.1(Fingas et al., 1999) (3).F2534 123REFERENCES(1) Lehr, W. J., Visual Observations and the Bonn Agreement, AMOP,201
32、0, pp. 669678.(2) Lewis, A., The Use of Colour as a Guide to Oil Film Thickness: PhaseIA Literature Review, SINTEF Report No. STF66F97075, 2000.(3) Fingas, M. F., Brown, C. E., and Gamble, L., “The Visibility andDetectability of Oil Slicks and Oil Discharges on Water,” Proceed-ings of the Twenty-Sec
33、ond Arctic and Marine Oil Spill ProgramTechnical Seminar, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 1999, pp.865-886.(4) Congress, “Report on Oil-Pollution ExperimentsBehaviour of FuelOil on the Surface of the Sea,” hearings before the committee on riverand harbors, 71st Congress, 2nd Session, H.R. 10625
34、, part I, 41-9,Washington, D.C., May 2, 3 and 26, 1930.(5) Horstein, B., The Appearance and Visibility of Thin Oil Films onWater, Environmental Protection Agency Report, EPA-R2-72-039,Cincinnati, OH, 1972.(6) Allen, A. A., and Schlueter, R. S., Estimates of Surface PollutionResulting from Submarine
35、Oil Seeps at Platform A and Coal Oil Point,General Research Corp., prepared for Santa Barbara County, SantaBarbara, CA, 1969.(7) API, Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes, Volume on LiquidWastes, American Petroleum Institute, 1969.(8) Horstein, B., “The Visibility of Oil-Water Discharges,” Proceedi
36、ngsof the 1973 International Oil Spill Conference, American PetroleumInstitute, Washington, DC, 1973, pp. 91-99.(9) Parker, H. D., and Cormack, D., Evaluation of Infrared Line Scan(IRLS) and Side-looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) over Controlled OilSpills in the North Sea, Warren Spring Laboratory Repor
37、t, 1979.(10) ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), AerialObservation of Oil at Sea, International Tanker Owners PollutionFederation, London, U.K., 1981.(11) Schriel, R. C., “Operational Air Surveillance and Experiences in theNetherlands,” Proceedings of the 1987 International Oil
38、 SpillConference, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 1987,pp. 129-136.(12) Duckworth, R., unpublished data report in MacDonald et al. below,1993.(13) Brown, H. M., Bittner, J. P., and Goodman, R. H., Visibility Limitsof Spilled Oil Sheens, Imperial Oil Internal Report, Calgary, Alberta,19
39、95.(14) Canadian Coast Guard, “Appearance and Thickness of an Oil Slick,”Section 3, Annex C, Operations Manual, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996.(15) Bonn Agreement, Guidelines for Oil Pollution Detection, Investi-gation and Post Flight Analysis / Evaluation for Volume Estimation,2003.ASTM International takes
40、no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own respo
41、nsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed
42、 to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the a
43、ddress shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone
44、), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE X1.1 Relationships Between Appearance and Slick ThicknessAuthor Year Oil Type NumberHei
45、ght(m)ViewingAngleVisibility Thresholds (m)Minimum Silvery RainbowDarkeningColorsDullColorsDarkACongress (4) 1930 various incl. Bunker, fuel oil e 15 ship board oblique 0.1Allen et al. (6) 1969 Crude-Santa Barbara e multiple ns ns 0.05 to 0.18 0.23 to 0.75 1 to 2.5 2.5 to 5.5API (7) 1969 general l n
46、s ns 0.04 0.08 0.15 to 0.3 1 2Horstein (5) 1972 Arabian and Louisiana crudes e 20 1 to 2 various 5 to 50BAverage 0.09 0.1 0.6 0.9 2.7 8.5ADark is sometimes stated as true oil color, black, brown or darker colors or metallic.BThe Bonn agreement document has two thicknesses in addition, based on oil distribution: 50 to 200 for patchy, discontinuous distribution and 200 m for continuousslicks.Legend: e = experiment; I = literature; ns = not specified.F2534 124
