1、Designation: F2534 12F2534 17Standard Guide forVisually Estimating Oil Spill Thickness on Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2534; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for estimating the thickness of oil on water using only visual clues.1.2 This guide appli
3、es to oil-on-water and does not pertain to oil on land or other surfaces.1.3 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or freshwater conditions.1.4 The thickness values obtained using this guide are at best estimates because
4、 the appearance of oil on water may be affectedby a number of factors including oil type, sea state, visibility conditions, view angle, and weather.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not
5、 purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was develop
6、ed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents
7、2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1779 Practice for Reporting Visual Observations of Oil on Water3. Significance and Use3.1 Estimations of oil slick thickness are useful for:3.1.1 Estimating amount (volume) of oil in an area,3.1.2 Positioning oil spill countermeasures in optimal locations,3.1.3 Evaluating a spil
8、l situation,3.1.4 Estimating volume for legal or prosecution purposes, such as for an illegal discharge, and3.1.5 Developing spill control strategies.3.2 This guide is only applicable to thin sheens (sheen and rainbow sheen up to about 3 m). Thick oil and water-in-oilemulsions do not show visual dif
9、ferences with respect to thickness (1, 2).34. Summary of Thickness Estimation Results4.1 Table 1 has been summarized from a variety of literature sources (see Appendix X1).4.2 It should be noted that the only physical change in appearance that is reliable is the onset of rainbow colors, at 0.5 to 3
10、mthickness. All other appearances vary with weather, visibility conditions, lookviewing angle, oil type, water conditions and color,presence of waves, and the presence of other material on the water surface. Therefore it is important to treat these as estimates andwhere possible give ranges of thick
11、nesses. If volume is to be calculated, it should also be given as a range of values.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F20.16on Surveillance and Tracking.Current edition approved
12、 Jan. 1, 2012April 1, 2017. Published January 2012April 2017. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 20062012 asF2534 06.F2534 12. DOI: 10.1520/F2534-12.10.1520/F2534-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at se
13、rviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide
14、 the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the sta
15、ndard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Summary5.1 The change in visual appearance of an oil slick on water provides a means to estimate oil slick thickne
16、ss. Only theappearance of rainbow colors at 0.5 to 3 m is an a strong indication of slick thickness and only in the range noted. Otherappearances change with the variables noted and thus should be used with caution.6. Keywords6.1 oil observations; oil thickness; oil thickness estimation; oil visibil
17、ity; slick thicknessAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND OF SLICK THICKNESS DATAX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 An important tool for working with oil spills has been the relationship between appearance and thickness. Little researchwork has been done on the topic in recent times bec
18、ause thickness charts were available for many years (Practice F1779) (Fingaset al., 1999) (3). In fact, present thickness charts actually date from 1930 (Congress, 1930) (4). It was recognized before 1930 thatslicks on water had somewhat consistent appearances. A series of experiments were conducted
19、 in the 1930s and resulted in chartsthat are still used. Only a few experiments have been done in recent years. ThisAppendix will summarize this development of slickappearance charts.X1.1.2 The early work may not have accounted for several factors:X1.1.2.1 Effect of Slick HeterogeneityOils, especial
20、ly heavier ones, do not form slicks of consistent thickness on the watersurface. Even visual examination shows a type of fried eggvertical profile. This effect is, however, not as relevant on larger slicksand with less viscous products. Many slicks do not cover the entire area. The effect of surface
21、 tension is to pull some oils togetherso that slicklets are formed rather than one uniform slick.X1.1.2.2 Effect of EvaporationThe early experiments ignored the effect of evaporation on mass balance.X1.1.2.3 Effect of View AngleView angle is critical to observing slicks on water, especially with res
22、pect to the sun. How thisaffects appearance thresholds is not fully explored.X1.1.2.4 Effect of Waves on the SurfaceThe appearance of oil slicks on calm water versus that with different wave conditionsmay be different.X1.1.2.5 Effect of Atmospheric and Viewing ConditionsFactor that may be important
23、are haze and cloud cover. Haze stronglyreduces visibility. Slicks are often less visible in the absence of a cloud cover. Glitter or reflection from the sea is known to causeviewing problems.TABLE 1 Visibility Characteristics (Appearance)MinimumObservableThicknessMinimum Onset Thickness (m)Silvery R
24、ainbow DarkRainbow DarkATypicalRange0.08 0.1 0.5 3 30.05 to 0.2 0.1 to 0.3 0.2 to 3 3TABLE 1 Visibility Characteristics (Appearance)MinimumObservableThicknessMinimum Onset Thickness (m)Silvery Rainbow DarkRainbow DarkAAverage 0.08 0.1 0.5 3 3TypicalRange0.05 to 0.2 0.1 to 0.3 0.2 to 3 3A This color
25、is sometimes called oil-like, dark colored, brown, black, ormetallic.F2534 172X1.1.2.6 Effect of Oil TypeDark oils are more visible on the surface than gasoline or diesel fuel.X1.2 Slick VisibilityX1.2.1 Theoretical Approaches:X1.2.1.1 Horstein (1972) (5) reviewed theoretical approaches and used int
26、erference phenomenon to correlate the threshold ofrainbow colors to slick thickness. The appearance of rainbow colors is the result of constructive and destructive interference oflight waves reflected from the air-oil interface with those reflected from the oil-water interface (Fingas et al., 1999)
27、(3). Thedifference in optical path lengths for these two waves depends on the refractive index of the oil. The refractive indices of givenwavelengths results in different optical path lengths. This difference can be given as:L 52t22 sin2I!1/2 (X1.1)where:L = the difference in optical path length,t =
28、 the film thickness, = the refractive index of the film, andI = the angle of light incidence.X1.2.1.2 Horstein points out that if L contains an even number of wavelengths, then maximum destructive interference willoccur. Destructive interference occurs when light waves are in a phase alignment that
29、they annul each other and thus the resultingamplitude of light is less. Constructive interference is the opposite. If L contains an odd number of wavelengths, then maximumconstructive interference will occur.X1.2.1.3 Then the maximum destructive interferences occur at:5L/x (X1.2)where: = the wavelen
30、gth under consideration, andx = an even integer such as 2, 4 etc.X1.2.1.4 The maximum constructive interferences occur at:52L/x (X1.3)where:x = an odd integer such as 1, 3, 5, 7 etc.X1.2.1.5 Tables of constructive and destructive wavelengths resulted in a color chart for visible oil as: thickness le
31、ss that 0.15mno color apparent, thickness of 0.15 mwarm tone apparent, thickness of 0.2 to 0.9 mvariety of colors (for example,rainbow), and for thickness greater than 0.9 mcolors of less purity, heading toward grey. The color generation by constructiveand destructive interference provides the only
32、physical measure that provides a positive indication of thickness.Thus if the rainbowcolors are seen, then the thickness for that area ranges from 0.2 to 0.9 m.X1.2.1.6 Horstein also calculated the differential reflectivity of oil and water. He calculated that the reflectivity of oil is 0.041 andtha
33、t of water is 0.021 at an incidence angle of 30. At 60 oil shows a reflectivity of 0.09 and water of 0.06; and at 75, oil hasa reflectivity of 0.25 and water that of 0.21. These angles are calculated as the angle of light incidence from the vertical, and thusshow that reflectivity increases as the a
34、ngle of viewing becomes less vertical. The reflectivity may explain the visibility of verythin films of oil (less than shown by coloration) on the water surface. This calculation demonstrates that viewing angle is importantand that the greatest contrast is seen from near vertical angles.X1.2.2 Liter
35、ature Review:F2534 173X1.2.2.1 Literature results are summarized in Table X1.1 (Fingas et al., 1999) (3).TABLE X1.1 Relationships Between Appearance and Slick ThicknessAuthor Year Oil Type Number Height(m) ViewingAngleVisibility Thresholds (m)Minimum Silvery Rainbow DarkeningColors DullColors DarkAC
36、ongress (4) 1930 various incl. Bunker, fuel oil e 15 ship board oblique 0.1Allen et al. (6) 1969 Crude-Santa Barbara e multiple ns ns 0.05 to 0.18 0.23 to 0.75 1 to 2.5 2.5 to 5.5API (7) 1969 general l ns ns 0.04 0.08 0.15 to 0.3 1 2Horstein (5) 1972 Arabian and Louisiana crudes e 20 1 to 2 various
37、5 to 50BBonn Agreement(15)2003 l 0.04 0.04 to 0.3 0.3 5 5 to 50BAverage 0.09 0.1 0.6 0.9 2.7 8.5A Dark is sometimes stated as true oil color, black, brown or darker colors or metallic.B The Bonn agreement document has two thicknesses in addition, based on oil distribution: 50 to 200 for patchy, disc
38、ontinuous distribution and 200 m for continuousslicks.Legend: e = experiment; I = literature; ns = not specified.F2534 174REFERENCES(1) Lehr, W. J., Visual Observations and the Bonn Agreement, AMOP, 2010, pp. 669678.(2) Lewis, A., The Use of Colour as a Guide to Oil Film Thickness: Phase IA Literatu
39、re Review, SINTEF Report No. STF66F97075, 2000.(3) Fingas, M. F., Brown, C. E., and Gamble, L., “The Visibility and Detectability of Oil Slicks and Oil Discharges on Water,” Proceedings of theTwenty-Second Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 19
40、99, pp. 865-886.(4) Congress, “Report on Oil-Pollution ExperimentsBehaviour of Fuel Oil on the Surface of the Sea,” hearings before the committee on river andharbors, 71st Congress, 2nd Session, H.R. 10625, part I, 41-9, Washington, D.C., May 2, 3 and 26, 1930.(5) Horstein, B., The Appearance and Vi
41、sibility of Thin Oil Films on Water, Environmental Protection Agency Report, EPA-R2-72-039, Cincinnati, OH,1972.(6) Allen, A. A., and Schlueter, R. S., Estimates of Surface Pollution Resulting from Submarine Oil Seeps at Platform A and Coal Oil Point, GeneralResearch Corp., prepared for Santa Barbar
42、a County, Santa Barbara, CA, 1969.(7) API, Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes, Volume on Liquid Wastes, American Petroleum Institute, 1969.(8) Horstein, B., “The Visibility of Oil-Water Discharges,” Proceedings of the 1973 International Oil Spill Conference, American Petroleum Institute,Washingto
43、n, DC, 1973, pp. 91-99.(9) Parker, H. D., and Cormack, D., Evaluation of Infrared Line Scan (IRLS) and (IRLS)and Side-looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) over Controlled OilSpills in the North Sea, Warren Spring Laboratory Report, 1979.(10) ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), Aerial
44、Observation of Oil at Sea, International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation,London, U.K., 1981.(11) Schriel, R. C., “Operational C.,“Operational Air Surveillance and Experiences in the Netherlands,” Proceedings of the 1987 International Oil SpillConference, American Petroleum Institute, Washington,
45、DC, 1987, pp. 129-136.(12) Duckworth, R., unpublished data report in MacDonald et al. below, 1993.(13) Brown, H. M., Bittner, J. P., and Goodman, R. H., Visibility Limits of Spilled Oil Sheens, Imperial Oil Internal Report, Calgary, Alberta, 1995.(14) Canadian Coast Guard, “Appearance and Thickness
46、of an Oil Slick,” Section 3, Annex C, Operations Manual, Ottawa, Ontario, 1996.(15) Bonn Agreement, Guidelines for Oil Pollution Detection, Investigation and Post Flight Analysis / Evaluation for Volume Estimation, 2003.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent right
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