1、Designation: F2601 13F2601 16Standard Specification forFire Safety for Candle Accessories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification prescribes minimum safety requirements for candle accessories to help ensure a reasonable degree ofsafety for normal use
3、with candles, thereby improving personal safety and reducing fires, deaths, and injuries.1.2 This specification is not intended to replace other safety practices such as adult supervision, close monitoring of productwhen in use, and fire detection, alarm, or suppression systems.1.3 The values stated
4、 in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors
5、required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropri
6、ate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup TesterE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750CE176 Ter
7、minology of Fire StandardsF1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles and Associated Accessory ItemsF2417 Specification for Fire Safety for Candles3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsCertain candle-related terminology has already been addressed in Guide F1972. Certain additional fire-relatedterminology
8、 is found in Terminology E176. The reader is directed to those standards for definitions not found in 3.2.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 burn time, ntime interval a test specimen supports sustained flaming combustion after removal of the ignition sourceuntil all flaming cea
9、ses.3.2.2 candle accessory, nobject designed, intended, or marketed for use with a candle.3.2.3 candle burner, ncandle holder that has an enclosed, but vented, area in which to put a candle, said candle providing asource of heat or light or both.3.2.3.1 DiscussionDoes not include the item known as a
10、 “candle follower” also referred to by the term “candle burner” in the liturgical industry.3.2.4 candle holder, ncandle accessory onto which a candle is placed. It may support, hold or contain a candle when in use.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F15 on Consumer Produc
11、ts and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.45 on Candle Products.Current edition approved July 1, 2013Feb. 1, 2016. Published August 2013May 2016. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20122013 asF2601 12.F2601 13. DOI: 10.1520/F2601-13.10.1520/F2601-16.2 For re
12、ferencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide
13、 the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the sta
14、ndard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.4.1 DiscussionFilled candles are not candle holders.3.2.5 candle ring, ncandle accessory intended to surround the
15、 candle with decorative materials in proximity to a candle,including, but not limited to, a continuous ring or loose fill material.3.2.6 consumption rate, nrate at which a candle is consumed measured in grams of fuel consumed per hour.3.2.6.1 DiscussionConsumption rate is determined by weighing a ca
16、ndle prior to burning and then again at the end of the life or burn cycle of thecandle. The weight consumed in grams is then divided by the burn time in hours to arrive at a consumption rate in grams per hour.3.2.7 ignition, ninitiation of combustion.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe combustion is typically evi
17、denced by glow or flame. The combustion may be sustained or transient.3.2.8 noncombustible, adjnot capable of igniting and burning when subjected to a fire under specified conditions.3.2.8.1 DiscussionMaterials that pass Test Method E136 are considered noncombustible.3.2.9 potpourri burner, ncandle
18、burner designed to provide a source of heat to warm a reservoir of extraneous material.3.2.10 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or over the surface of the specimen for periods of 4 s or more.3.2.10.1 DiscussionSustained flaming starts at the beginning of the period when a flame is found on o
19、r over the surface.4. Safety Requirements4.1 Safety Requirements for Candle RingsThis safety requirement applies to all candle rings with the following exceptions:rings constructed exclusively of noncombustible materials, rings constructed exclusively of live plants or fresh cut flowers, or both,tha
20、t remain hydrated during their intended life, or items which include rings that incorporate barrier technology (see 5.2.4.14 5.2.4.16).4.1.1 Rationale:4.1.1.1 Candle rings are used in proximity to a known source of ignition (candle flame).4.1.1.2 Flammable components of candle rings increase the ris
21、k of fires when using candle products.4.1.2 Performance Requirement:4.1.2.1 Acandle ring shall pass the flammability requirements for candle rings if, when tested according to 5.2, it does not igniteor has a burn time less than or equal to an average of 30 s for three tests per component and the bur
22、n time for any one test shallnot exceed 60 s. During any test, flaming shall not spread over the entire candle ring. The test shall be conducted on all applicablecomponents of the ring.4.2 Safety Requirements for Candle Holders, Shades, and ToppersThis safety requirement applies to all candle holder
23、s,including candle burners and potpourri burners, and candle shades and toppers, with the following exceptions: items constructedexclusively of noncombustible materials (see Note 1) or which incorporate barrier technology. (See 5.2.4.15.)NOTE 1Observations indicate that some porous materials which a
24、re otherwise considered to be noncombustible, for example, unglazed ceramics andterra cotta, absorb molten wax or other combustible liquids and can support sustained flaming combustion. This note has been provided for informationalpurposes only.4.2.1 Rationale:4.2.1.1 Candle holders, shades, and top
25、pers are used with burning candles placed directly under, on, or in them.4.2.1.2 Abuildup of heat or direct flame impingement from the candle flame onto candle holders, shades, or toppers is possibleduring use, resulting in the candle holder, shade, or topper igniting.4.2.2 Performance RequirementAc
26、andle holder, shade, or topper shall pass the flammability requirements for candle holders,shades, or toppers if, when tested according to 5.25.2, it does not ignite or has a burn time less than or equal to an average of 30F2601 162s for three tests per component and the burn time for any one test s
27、hall not exceed 60 s. During any test, flaming shall not spreadover the entire candle holder, shade, or topper. The test shall be conducted on all applicable components of the holder, shade, ortopper.4.3 Safety Requirements for Candle Burners and Potpourri BurnersThis safety requirement applies to a
28、ll types of burnersdesigned to use a candle as a source of heat or light, or both. Candle burners and potpourri burners are also subject to therequirements of 4.2.4.3.1 Rationale:4.3.1.1 Candle burners and potpourri burners can contribute to secondary ignition, excessive flame heights, or end of use
29、ful lifeproblems, or a combination thereof. These are often associated with the buildup of heat or soot or both from candles placed in thesetypes of products.4.3.1.2 Candle burners and potpourri burners meeting the performance requirement listed in 4.3.2 will reduce the risk of firesinitiated by can
30、dles used with these types of products.4.3.2 Performance Requirement:4.3.2.1 Acandle burner or potpourri burner shall pass the performance requirements if there is no secondary ignition, excessiveflame height, or end-of-useful life problems as detailed in Sections 4.1 through 4.3 in Specification F2
31、417 and the burner does notignite, crack, or break when the candle burner is tested with an appropriate scented tealight (or other supplied candle meeting therequirements in 5.3.1) according to the candle burning performance test method found in Section 5.2.4 of Specification F2417.4.3.2.2 A minimum
32、 of three identical samples shall be tested eight times each with no failures allowed.NOTE 2Research3 indicates that items with a small internal volume, low ceiling height, and limited ventilation are especially at risk to fail the flameheight, end-of-useful life, and secondary ignition requirements
33、 of Specification F2417.4.4 Safety Requirements for StabilityThis safety requirement applies to all accessories intended to be used in direct contactwith burning candles.4.4.1 RationaleThis requirement minimizes the hazards of candle accessory/ensemble tip over.4.4.2 Performance RequirementThe candl
34、e accessory must not tip over when placed at a minimum 10.0 incline when testedwith the candle specified in 5.3.1.5. Test Methods5.1 Candle fire safety issues addressed by these test methods include candle ring, shade, topper, and holder flammability, candleburner and potpourri burner accessories bu
35、rn performance and stability.5.2 Flammability of Candle Rings, Shades, Toppers, or Holders:5.2.1 Summary of Test MethodComponents of candle rings, shades, toppers, or holders are tested on a flat noncombustiblesurface for sustained flaming combustion. Components of the ring, shade, topper, or holder
36、 are tested for flammability throughcontact with the flame source for up to 60 s. Each test is monitored for sustained flaming combustion of the component. Threeseparate tests are performed on each type of component of the candle ring, shade, topper, or the candle holder. The burn time ismeasured.5.
37、2.2 Apparatus:5.2.2.1 Large, flat, noncombustible surface.5.2.2.2 Flame SourceA butane diffusion flame intended to represent a candle flame. The burner tube consists of a stainlesssteel tube with an outside diameter of nominally 8 mm and a wall thickness of 1 mm. The gas supply system consists of a
38、pressuregauge, flow meter, fine-control valve, and cylinder regulator providing an outlet pressure of 28.5 mbar (0.4 psi). The flow metersupplies butane gas at a constant rate of 45 mL/min at 25C. Under the specified conditions, the flame height is approximately 35mm.NOTE 3An alternative flame sourc
39、e is permissible provided that it can be demonstrated by testing identical specimens with both the alternative flamesource and the flame source specified in this test method that the tests using the alternative flame source yields failing results as often as, or more oftenthan tests using the specif
40、ied flame source.5.2.2.3 Ring stand/clamp assembly.5.2.2.4 Stopwatch.5.2.2.5 Ruler.5.2.2.6 Thermometer.5.2.2.7 Hygrometer.5.2.3 Safety Hazards(WarningThere is an inherent risk of working with and around open flames. Appropriate personalprotective equipment shall be used and safe work practices shall
41、 be followed. Fire suppression equipment capable of mitigatingfires associated with candle accessory fire safety testing shall be readily available during testing.)5.2.4 Procedure:3 “Consumer Safety ResearchFiresAssociated With the Use of Night Lights and Ceramic Burners,” July 1996, Fire Research S
42、tation, Building Research Establishment.(Research conducted on behalf of the Consumer Safety Unit of the Department of Trade and Industry.) Consumer Safety Unit, 1 Victoria Street, London SW1H 0ET.F2601 1635.2.4.1 The candle ring, shade, topper, or holder under test shall be conditioned before testi
43、ng for at least 4 h at a temperaturebetween 20 to 30C (68 to 86F) and a relative humidity of less than or equal to 55 %.All candle rings, shades, toppers, or holdersshall be tested in a burn test area that will be environmentally controlled to between 20 to 30C (68 to 86F) and less than or equalto 7
44、0 % relative humidity. Once removed from the conditioning atmosphere, the candle rings, shades, toppers, or holders shall betested within 1 h.5.2.4.2 The test shall be carried out with minimal disturbance of the flame source in a test area of sufficient size to accommodatethe candle ring, shade, top
45、per, or holder and prevent oxygen starvation of the flame source. The test surface shall be constructedof a noncombustible material and shall be cleaned before conducting each test, removing charred and molten materials or otherdebris from previous tests.5.2.4.3 The finished product is to be tested
46、in an orientation typical of the products intended use. The candle ring or holder shallbe placed on the test surface such that it lays flat to simulate normal use with no free-flowing air space under the candle ring unlessthat is how the candle ring is designed.5.2.4.4 The candle shades and toppers
47、are positioned like they would be used on a candle. If a candle ring, shade, topper, orholder is designed or advertised to be used in several orientations or configurations, it shall be tested in every orientation/configuration for which it was designed or advertised. If the candle ring, shade, topp
48、er, or holder fails the performance requirementin any of the orientations tested, it will be considered a failure.5.2.4.5 The flame source is to be applied to each unique component on the candle ring, shade, topper, or holder for a periodof up to 60 s. The flame source shall remain stationary during
49、 the ignition period. The flame source shall be positioned at an anglebetween 15 and 45 (nonburning end of flame source higher than the flame end) from horizontal. See Fig. 1.5.2.4.6 Position the flame source such that its tip is stationary. The tip of the flame source shall be positioned approximatelyone half of the normal flame height away from the ring, shade, topper, or holder component to be tested. See Fig. 1.NOTE 4For example, if the flame source produces a flame approximately 35 mm (1.4 in.) in height, the tip of the flame so
