1、Designation: F2651 10Standard Terminology Relating toSoil and Turfgrass Characteristics of Natural PlayingSurfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2651; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines characteristics of soils andturfgrass for use in the development of standards and specifi-
3、cations for natural playing surfaces. This standard includesterms that pertain to natural playing surfaces used for sportsand may include those surfaces supporting the growth ofturfgrass or unvegetated (bare soil) playing surfaces that areconstructed with natural materials.1.2 The terms defined in t
4、his terminology standard areappropriate for use by sports field development professionals,owners and institutions, installers and contractors and otherpractitioners in matters concerning natural surfaces evalua-tions, test methods, specifications, maintenance and construc-tion.2. Terminologyaeration
5、, ncondition and sum of all processes affecting soilpore-space gaseous composition, particularly with respect tothe amount and availability of oxygen for use by soil biota orsoil chemical oxidation reactions, or both.aeration, vpractice to mechanically restore a soil to acondition where gas and wate
6、r permeability rates are im-proved and bulk density is lowered (decompaction) by theuse of devices (spikes, cores, tines, air-jets, water-jets) whichpenetrate into the soil profile. See also aerification, soil andcultivation, turf.aerification, soil, nmechanical process to relieve soil com-paction.
7、This term is often used synonymously with aeration,v (that is, mechanical aeration). See also aeration, v.bulk density, nmass of dry soil per unit bulk volume. Thevalue is expressed as Mg per cubic metre (Mg m3) or gramper cubic centimetre (g cm3).clay, ncan be defined in terms of a particular size
8、fraction ofa soil, a soil textural class, a soil particle size class, a soiltextural group, soil mineralogy, or, in engineering terms, asmaterials that exhibit plastic soil properties when at appro-priate water contents.DISCUSSIONIdeally, the term “clay” should be appropriately definedwhen used to d
9、escribe soils or materials for rootzones. For example, a90 % sand/10 % clay mixture could imply either 90 % sand/10 %clayey soil (or other soils with textures containing enough clay (2.0 mm and 0.05 mm and 85 % sand), ntypes of soils which mayhave no (or a very thin) “A” horizon and thus technically
10、 nota “topsoil” material.turf, ncovering of mowed vegetation, usually a turfgrass,growing in association with an upper soil stratum of inter-mingled roots and stems.turfgrass, nspecies or cultivar of grass, usually of spreadinghabit, which is maintained as a mowed turf.verticutting, npractice of usi
11、ng a mechanical device whichoperates vertically and cuts into the turf surface/thatch andoften the upper soil layer.DISCUSSIONVerticutting is often employed to remove excess thatchor the accumulation of excess actively growing turfgrass (thinning).Verticutting may also be employed to stimulate later
12、al turfgrassgrowth/development in order to increase turf density. This is sometimesalso referred to as vertical mowing or power raking. See also dethatch-ing.warm-season turfgrasses, ngrass species widely adapted towarm temperate climates. Some species persist and are usedin cool humid to cool sub-h
13、umid climates; referred to as atransition zone.water retention, nsoil-water content (by mass or volume) ata given soil-water matric potential.winter dormancy, ndormancy of warm season turfgrassesduring the winter when these warm season turf species aregrown in areas subject to seasonal cool temperat
14、ures.DISCUSSIONNormally, the warm season turfgrasses exhibit brownleaf tissue during dormancy and do not actively grow. Different warmseason turfgrass species exhibit differing adaptations to cold tempera-tures and do not all go into or come out of winter dormancy at the sametemperature ranges.3. Ke
15、ywords3.1 athletic field; impact; sports; sports field; sports surfacesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of
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