1、Designation: F2668 07 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Practice forDetermining the Physiological Responses of the Wearer toProtective Clothing Ensembles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2668; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONProtective clothing ensembles such as firefighter turnout gear, HAZMAT suits, and bo
3、mb suits mayimpose a physiological strain on the wearer. This strain can take the form of heat stress andcardiovascular and respiratory strain, which can result in injury to the wearer. This practice providesinformation on the measurement of the physiological responses of a wearer to a protective cl
4、othingensemble. The protocol is designed to allow comparisons of the physiological responses of subjectswearing different protective clothing ensembles of the same type (for example, firefighter turnout gear)and from different types (for example, firefighter ensemble vs. HAZMAT suit).1. Scope1.1 Thi
5、s practice specifies the test equipment and proce-dures for determining the physiological responses of subjectswearing a protective clothing ensemble.1.2 This practice covers the physiological measurement ofinternal body core temperature, skin temperature, exposuretime, heart rate response, oxygen c
6、onsumption, and wholebody sweat rate, to assess the physiological responses ofsubjects wearing a protective clothing ensemble. This practicedoes not measure the musculoskeletal strain on the participantimposed by the protective clothing ensemble.1.2.1 To increase safety during physiological testing,
7、 thisdynamic test requires the use of human participants who meetspecific health and physical fitness requirements.1.3 The present standard does not attempt to determineimportant clothing characteristics, such as thermal insulationand evaporative resistance of the protective clothing ensemble.Test M
8、ethods F1291 and F2370 can be used for these clothingmeasurements.1.4 The values stated in this practice shall be SI units.1.5 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain thenecessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their insti-tution for conducting tests using human participan
9、ts.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user, and the testing institution, to consultand establish appropriate safety and health practices anddetermine the applicability of regulatory limitations prio
10、r touse of this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulationof Clothing Using a Heated ManikinF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF2300 Test Method for Measuring the Performance ofPersonal Cooling Systems Using Physiological
11、TestingF2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-tance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin2.2 Other Standards:3ISO 8996 ErgonomicsDetermination of Metabolic HeatProductionISO 9886 ErgonomicsEvaluation of Thermal Strain byPhysiological MeasurementsThe Commission for Thermal Physiology of
12、 the Interna-tional Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS Thermal1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on Human Factors.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published March
13、2012. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F2668 - 07.DOI:10.1520/F2668-07R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the s
14、tandards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Commissi
15、on)Glossary of Terms for Thermal Physiol-ogy43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acclimation, nphysiological adaptations occurringwithin an organism, which reduce the strain or enhanceendurance of strain, caused by artificially or experimentallyinduced stressful changes in particular environmental c
16、ondi-tions.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAcclimation describes the adaptivechanges that occur within an organism in response to artifi-cially induced changes in particular climatic factors such asambient temperature and humidity in a controlled environment.3.1.2 acclimatization, nphysiological adaptations occur
17、-ring within an organism, which reduce the strain or enhanceendurance of strain, caused by stressful changes in the naturalenvironment.3.1.3 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worntogether on the body at the same time.3.1.4 thermal core, nthe deep tissues of the brain, neckand torso, whose temp
18、eratures are not changed in their rela-tionship to each other by circulatory adjustments.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThese deep tissues comprise the mostthermally protected tissues of the body and are most critical totemperature regulation. The thermal core is distinct fromchanges in heat transfer to the envi
19、ronment that affects theappendages and other tissues of the body.3.1.5 core temperature, nthe mean temperature of thethermal core.3.1.5.1 DiscussionCore temperature is commonly repre-sented by rectal temperature, or by the more rapidly respondingesophageal temperature. Core temperature is also measu
20、red byingested telemetric thermometers in the form of a capsule.3.1.6 garment, na single item of clothing (for example,shirt).3.1.7 maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), nthe high-est rate at which an organism can take up oxygen duringaerobic metabolism.3.1.7.1 DiscussionDetermination of VO2maxrequir
21、es veryhigh motivation of the individual and is expressed in millilitresper minute or as a term relative to body mass in millilitres perkilogram per minute. Maximum oxygen consumption is oftenreferred to as maximal aerobic power (MAP).3.1.8 metabolic rate, nthe rate of transformation ofchemical ener
22、gy into heat and mechanical work by aerobic andanaerobic activities within an organism.3.1.8.1 DiscussionMetabolic rate, as with VO2max,iscommonly measured by indirect calorimetry, during long-termsteady-state work. Metabolic rate, also referred to as energyexpenditure, is usually expressed in terms
23、 of unit area of thetotal body surface (W/m2) or of total body mass (W/kg).3.1.9 protective ensemble, nthe combination of protectiveclothing with respiratory protective equipment, hoods, helmets,gloves, boots, communication systems, cooling devices, andother accessories intended to protect the weare
24、r from apotential hazard when worn together.3.1.10 thermal strain, nany deviation of body tempera-ture induced by sustained thermal stress that cannot be fullycompensated by temperature regulation.3.1.10.1 DiscussionThermal strain results in the activa-tion of thermoeffector activities that causes s
25、ustained changesin the state of non-thermal regulatory systems. Thermal strainis measurable by an increased heart rate and whole body sweatrate, as determined by pre and post nude mass loss.3.1.11 thermal stress, nany thermal change between atemperature regulator and its environment, which if uncom-
26、pensated by temperature regulation, would result in hyperther-mia.3.1.11.1 DiscussionThermal stress is often referred to asheat stress.3.2 IUPS Thermal Commission document4was referencedfor the modified definitions related to thermal physiology listedabove. For terms related to protective clothing u
27、sed in thispractice, refer to Terminology F1494.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice can be used for the evaluation of thephysiological response of a user to protective clothing en-sembles worn under controlled conditions.4.1.1 This practice utilizes a treadmill for the exerciseprotocol. This me
28、thod is believed to be appropriate for theevaluation of the majority of protective clothing ensembles,especially where the user will be walking or performing similaractivities. In certain situations, where a protective clothingensemble is designed to be worn where the user is performingspecialized f
29、unctions (for example, sitting or standing withonly arm movement), alternate exercise equipment (for ex-ample, arm cycle-ergonometer) or exercise protocols should beconsidered for use in determining the physiological response ofthe subject.4.1.2 Where evaluations include the use of Personal Cool-ing
30、 Systems refer to Test Method F2300.4.2 This practice establishes general procedures for thephysiological evaluation based on the physiological measure-ment of core temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate,exposure time, oxygen consumption, and whole body sweatrate.4.2.1 The data obtained can
31、be used to evaluate the overallphysiological response of the test participant while wearing aprotective clothing ensemble.4.2.2 The data may also be used in the research anddevelopment of advanced ensembles that are designed toreduce the physiological strain on the wearer thereby reducingthe potenti
32、al injury (for example, heat injury) associated withwearing the protective clothing ensemble. Workers may be ableto wear a protective clothing ensemble for a longer durationdue to a reduction in the physiological strain.4.2.3 The data can also be used to compare similar classesof ensembles and can b
33、e used to evaluate protective clothingensembles as a hazard to the wearer as compared to a baselineensemble.4The Japanese Journal of Physiology, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2001.F2668 07 (2011)24.2.4 In addition, the practice could also be used by con-sensus standards organizations in the development of physi-o
34、logical test criteria for protective clothing ensemble certifica-tion.4.3 Departures from the instructions in this practice maylead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledgeconcerning thermoregulatory responses, physiological and en-vironmental temperature measurement, and testing
35、 practices isneeded to evaluate which departures from the instructionsgiven in this practice are significant. All departures must bereported with the results.5. Materials5.1 Controlled Environmental ChamberA chamber that islarge enough to accommodate a treadmill, the test participant,and at least tw
36、o people at the same time.Also, the test chambermust provide uniform conditions, both spatially and tempo-rally.5.1.1 Spatial VariationsSpatial variations shall not exceedthe following: air temperature 61.0C, relative humidity65 %, and air velocity 650 % of the mean value. In addition,the mean radia
37、nt temperature shall not be more than 1.0Cdifferent from the mean air temperature. The spatial uniformityshall be verified at least annually or after any significantmodifications are made to the test chamber. Spatial uniformityshall be verified by recording values for the conditions statedabove at h
38、eights of 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, and 1.8 m above the floor atthe location occupied by the participant.5.1.2 Temporal VariationsTemporal variations shall notexceed the following: air temperature 60.5C, relative humid-ity 65 %, air velocity 620 % of the mean value for dataaveraged over five minutes.5.1.3 Rela
39、tive Humidity MeasurementA humidity-sensingdevice shall be used and have an accuracy of 65 % relativehumidity and a repeatability of 63 % to be acceptable (forexample, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). At leastone location shall be monitored during a test to ensure that thetemporal uniformit
40、y requirements are met.5.1.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperaturesensors shall be used. The sensor shall have an overall accuracyof 60.15C (for example, RTD, thermocouple, sensor). Thesensor shall have a time constant not exceeding one minute.The sensor(s) shall be 0.5 to 1.0 m in front o
41、f the participant.If a single sensor is used it shall be 1.0 m above the floor. Ifmultiple sensors are used, they shall be spaced at equal heightintervals and their readings averaged.5.1.5 Air Velocity IndicatorAn omni-directional anemom-eter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used. Measurementsshall
42、be averaged for at least one minute at each location. If itis demonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by morethan 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air velocityduring the test. However, the value of the mean air velocitymust be reported. If air velocity is monitored, then me
43、asure-ment location requirements are the same as for air temperature.5.2 TreadmillA treadmill shall be used with a physicalstructure that accommodates the smallest and the largestparticipant safely and comfortably.5.2.1 Treadmill CharacteristicsThe treadmill running sur-face shall be not less than 1
44、.8 m by 0.6 m. The treadmill shallhave a calibrated analog scale or digital indicator of speed andangle of inclination (degrees or % grade). Elevation shall bevariable over a range of at least 0 to 20 % grade. The speedshall be variable from 2 to 20 km/h in increments of 0.2 km/h.The speed and incli
45、ne of the treadmill shall be calibrated priorto each series of tests or study.5The control mechanism mustprovide for error of less than 1.0 % of the testing load bothduring the test and between tests (that is, 0.15 % grade at 15 %treadmill grade).5.3 Equipment for Measuring Body TemperatureThe corea
46、nd skin temperatures shall be measured with temperaturetransducers (that is, point sensors) which shall be calibratedprior to use.5.3.1 Temperature SensorsThe temperature measure-ments shall be carried out with thermocouples, resistancetemperature devices (RTD), or thermistors. The sensors shallprov
47、ide an accuracy of 60.1C between the range of 30 to42C for core temperature and 25 to 40C for skin temperature.Their response time to 90 % of the value must be the lowestpossible and less than 10 s. Skin temperature measurementsshall be taken at 4, 8, or 14 different locations. Refer toISO 9886 for
48、the location of the various measurement sites,and the weighting coefficients to determine overall skin tem-perature.5.3.2 Core Temperature Sensor CleaningSpecial require-ments are to be made concerning the hygiene of the coretemperature sensor. Laboratories must follow specific biohaz-ard control pr
49、ocedures as stipulated by their institution for theuse and disposal of sensors.5.3.2.1 Core Temperature SensorsReusable and dispos-able sensors are available for measurement of core tempera-ture. Disposable sensors are strongly recommended but notrequired for core temperature measurements. If reusable sen-sors are used, the sensors shall be cleaned and disinfectedbetween trials for the same participant and then discarded oncethe participant has completed all test conditions. Sensors shallonly be used by one individual and shall be cleaned anddi
