1、Designation: F2683 11Standard Guide forSelection of Booms for Oil-Spill Response1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2683; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the selection of boom for the contain-ment and recovery of marine oil spills.1.2 This guide does not address the compatibility of s
3、pill-control equipment with spill products. It is the users respon-sibility to ensure that any equipment selected is compatiblewith anticipated products and conditions.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions
4、 to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and
5、determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F818 Terminology Relating to Spill Response BarriersF1093 Test Methods for Tensile Strength Characteristics ofOil Spill Response BoomF1523 Guide for Selection of Booms in Accordance WithWat
6、er Body ClassificationsF2152 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil: Fire-Resistant Boom3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide is intended to aid in the selection of oil spillcontainment boom for various response conditions. It is notintended to define rigid sets of boom selection standards.3.2 Thi
7、s guide is intended to be used by persons generallyfamiliar with the practical aspects of oil spill cleanup opera-tions including on-scene response coordinators, planners, oilspill management teams, oil spill removal organizations, andplan evaluators.3.3 Minimum requirements for boom dimensions, buo
8、y-ancy, and tensile strength are specified in Guide F1523. Thisguide provides additional qualitative information to aid inboom selection.3.4 Seven general types of boom systems are described inthis standard. Each description includes a summary of theoperating principle and a list of selection consid
9、erations.3.5 Definitions relating to boom design, boom types, boomcomponents, boom characteristics, and boom performance canbe found in Terminology F818.3.6 Selection considerations are included to help the user onthe selection of a particular boom type or category. Users arecautioned that within ea
10、ch category there may be a widevariation in performance among the various booms.4. Boom Selection Considerations4.1 Selecting a boom for a particular application involvesexamining the booms likely performance with regards to arange of operational requirements. The following recommen-dations are a gu
11、ide to this process with the requirementsgrouped together according to the operating environment, theslick conditions, and boom performance criteria. Comments oneach of these operational requirements, specific to each boomtype, are given in Section 6.4.2 The general statements below describe likely
12、boomperformance with regards to individual design elements, andshould be used with the understanding that overall performanceis affected by a combination of design elements. For example,lower than typical buoyancy may be counteracted by providingincreased longitudinal flexibility.4.3 Wave and Curren
13、t ConditionsIn general, booms workbest in calm conditions or in a long, gentle swell with nocurrent. Performance is degraded in high waves, in short,choppy or breaking waves, and in strong currents.4.4 Roll Response in CurrentsGood roll response isimportant to effective containment in high currents
14、and waves.Roll response is improved with: sufficient ballast; ballastlocated low on the skirt; flotation located away from the boomcenterline; and tension members located low on the skirt.4.5 Heave Response in WavesGood heave response willreduce losses due to splashover. Heave response is a function
15、of the buoyancy, boom mass, and the float water plane area.Heave response is improved with increased waterplane areaand buoyancy-to-weight ratio.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF
16、20.11 on Control.Current edition approved April 1, 2011. Published April 2011. DOI: 10.1520/F268311.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Do
17、cument Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.5.1 Heave response is also a function of the longitudinalflexibility of a boom as a wave moves along its length. Boomfreeboard and draft are red
18、uced if a boom is too rigid to movewith the wave pattern. Water plane area and buoyancy are goodmeasures of heave response if a boom has the flexibility tomove with the wave pattern. Good flexibility helps a boomfollow the surface of a moving wave. Boom flexibility isgenerally enhanced by shorter fl
19、oat sections and closer floatspacing, providing flex between floats is allowed by the fabric.Good flexibility is also provided by a continuous, but limberflotation material, such as a continuously inflated flotationchamber.4.5.2 Calm Water booms should have a gross buoyancy-to-weight (BW) ratio of a
20、t least 3:1, Protected Water booms 4:1,and Open Water booms 8:1. (See “Recommendations forSelection of Spill Containment Booms,” Guide F1523.)4.5.3 In general, booms with buoyancy-to-weight ratioslower than those specified in Guide F1523 may not be aseffective in other than benign conditions (that i
21、s, no wind,waves, or currents). Exceptions to the specified minimum BWratios include booms designed for special applications, such asboom designed for static containment (that is, not towed),fire-resistant boom, and permanent boom. The latter two typesof boom typically have low buoyancy-to-weight ra
22、tios as aresult of their use of heavy, durable materials for fire-resistanceand long-term deployment, respectively. These booms mayhave BW ratios lower than the minimums listed in GuideF1523.4.6 Freeboard Height and Skirt DepthAdequate free-board is desirable to prevent splashover losses. Excessivef
23、reeboard can lead to problems in high winds, with the winddepressing the freeboard and raising the skirt if the appropriaterelationships between freeboard, draft, and ballast are notmaintained.4.6.1 Skirt depth is typically half to two-thirds of the totalboom height. A deeper skirt does not contain
24、more oil and maybe detrimental in high current conditions. In a fast current,water accelerates to move around the bottom of the skirt, whichis likely to cause entrainment losses. Generally a skirt shouldnot be deeper than 6 in. (150 mm) in a current greater than 1.5knots and 3 in. (75 mm) for speeds
25、 greater than 3 knots.3Inshallow water, the skirt should be no greater than13 rd to15 ththe depth of the water or the acceleration of the water in therestricted area between the bottom of the skirt and the streambed may cause entrainment losses.4.7 Forces on a Boom:4.7.1 Straight-line drag force is
26、tension on a boom causedby towing it from one end. This may limit transit speed ofvessels en route to a spill. Tow speed should be adjusted toaccount for the strength of the towline, strength of the boomtension members, strength of end connectors where the towlineis attached, and stability of the bo
27、om under tow.4.7.2 Towing a boom in a catenary configuration (U or J)will generate much higher drag forces than towing in a straightline. Booms are towed in this way at very low speeds, typically(0.5 to 0.75 knots). Tow forces are easily estimated as afunction of boom draft, length, gap ratio, and t
28、ow or currentspeed.4, 54.8 Boom Strength CriteriaTensile strength is an impor-tant boom criterion and also one of the most difficult tomeasure accurately and to understand. There are severalproblems. If a boom is stressed to failure, tension membersmay not all fail together. This means that the stre
29、ngth of aboom is not necessarily equal to the aggregate strength of itsassembled components. Although all tension members contrib-ute to overall strength, boom strength may be determined by itsweakest component. For example, boom connectors may faillong before the tension members, so boom strength w
30、ould belimited to the strength of the weakest component. The onlyway to accurately determine boom strength is to test a sampleto failure. (See Test Methods F1093.)5. Boom Selection Checklist5.1 The primary selection criteria are generally draft andfreeboard dimensions, strength, and buoyancy-to-weig
31、ht ratio.Buoyancy-to-weight ratios greater than those listed may resultin improved boom performance under certain conditions;however, further research is required before minimum valuesgreater than those shown can be established. As a result, usersshould be alert to special requirements that would de
32、mandhigher buoyancy-to-weight ratios than those listed in the guide.The user should be particularly alert when selecting heavy,permanent boom. Many of these products have size andstrength appropriate for Protected Water or Open Water, butsome have very low buoyancy-to-weight ratios and thereforemay
33、not be as effective except in Calm Water.5.2 Boom flexibility is important for applications in mediumswells and short-period waves. Shorter flotation elementsgenerally provide better flexibility. Further, the distance be-tween flotation sections should be less than one half theaverage wave length to
34、 prevent out of phase motions being setup. Good flexibility is also provided by a continuous butflexible flotation material or an inflated flotation chamber.5.3 External flotation, rigging lines, or other surface featuresmay interrupt the fluid flow along the boom. A boom that hasa consistent profil
35、e along its length, and that is free of surfaceirregularities will promote laminar fluid flow along the boomand reduce losses related to eddy currents. A consistent profileis also less prone to collecting debris.5.4 Materials should be strong enough to resist puncture bydebris. With air flotation bo
36、oms, puncture resistance is a primeconsideration.5.5 Anchor points are recommended at about 50 ft (15 m)intervals.5.6 Booms should be packaged for ease in transportation.Storage volume is important for storage and handling.5.7 Booms should be easy to assemble, deploy, and retrieve.5.8 Handles locate
37、d along the top of the boom aid indeployment and handling.3Hansen, K. and Coe, T., Oil Spill Response in Fast Currents: A Field Guide,U.S. Coast Guard Report CG-D-01-02, 2001 .4World Catalog of Oil Spill Response Products, 9th Edition, 2008.5Schulze, R. and Potter, S. “Estimating Forces on Oil Spill
38、 ContainmentBooms,” Spill Technology Newsletter, Vol 27, Jan-Dec 2002, Environment Canada,Ottawa, Ontario.F2683 1125.9 Booms can deteriorate in storage, particularly whenexposed to the elements, to extreme temperatures, to extremehumidity, and when handled in extreme temperatures. Selec-tion of appr
39、opriate fabrics and good storage practices areimportant to slow deterioration and extend the life of the boom.6. Description of Boom Types6.1 The following describes the operating principles andkey selection considerations of seven main types of boomsystems. In some cases, subcategories are used to
40、describedifferent configurations of a common operating principle.Selection considerations are summarized in Table 1 at the endof this section.6.2 Fence Boom:6.2.1 A fence boom is rigid or nearly rigid in the verticalplane, a condition that is achieved either by using verticalstiffeners in flexible b
41、oom material or by using heavy fabricthat is stiff vertically but free to bend in the horizontal plane toconform to water movement. Fence boom can be furtherTABLE 1 Boom Selection CriteriaBoom Type TypicalApplicationsGeneralCommentsBuoyancy RollResponseHeaveResponseFence Permanent or long-termdeploy
42、ment;fueling areas,around ships,power plantoutfalls, and othercalm and protectedwater applications.Easy to deploy,resistant todamage, butrelatively bulkyfor storage.Generally low,varies withdesign.Generally low;may be improvedby ballast andoff-center floatarea.Generally low;may be improvedby increas
43、ing waterplane area andB:W ratio.Curtain, internalfoam flotationVarious calm andprotected waterapplications.Fairly easyto store.B:W ratiosgenerally in therange of 2 to 8.Good; helped byflexibility andbottom tensionmember.Good; improvedby short floatsections to increaseflexibility.Curtain, externalfo
44、am flotationIndustrial, permanent,and other calmand protected waterapplications.Durable. Easy tostore and deploy;generally moreexpensive thancurtain boomwith internalfoam.B:W ratiosgenerally in therange of 2 to 8.Good; helped byflexible fabric andballast.Fair to good;helped by B:Wratio and flexibili
45、ty.Self-inflatablecurtainCalm, protected,and open waterapplications.Generally not usedfor industrialapplications orlong-termdeployment.Rapid deployment.Low storagevolume. Typically storedon reels.B:W ratiosgenerally 10.Buoyancy couldbe lost from punctureor leaking valve.Good; goodflexibility andbott
46、om tensionhelp roll.Good resultingfrom high B:Wand flexibility.Pressure-inflatablecurtainCalm, protected,and open waterapplications.Generally notused for industrialapplications orlong-termdeployment.Deploymentsomewhat slowerthan self-inflatablecurtain. Typicallystored on reels.B:W ratiosgenerally 10
47、.Buoyancy couldbe lost from punctureor leaking valve.Good due tobottom tensionand flexibility.Good due to highB:W ratio andflexibility.Fire resistant Used to containan oil slick forin situ burning.Conventionalbooms may be usedto direct oil intoburn pocket offire-resistantboom.Generally designedfor o
48、ne burnapplication; somecan be storedand reused.B:W ratiosgenerally in the rangeof2to5;generally lowdue to use ofrelatively heavyfire-resistantmaterials.Generally poordue to weight andlow B:W;depends on boomtype.Generally poordue to weight andlow B:W;depends onboom type.Tidal seal Used in theinterti
49、dal zone,perpendicular orparallel to shore,to prevent oilfrom movingalong shorelineor into intertidalareas.Used to bridgethe gap betweenland and water.Only enoughto rise with tide;controlled bywater ballast.Generally good;controlled bybuoyancy andballast.Poor due to lowB:W (note: generallynot an issue inintertidal applications).F2683 113classified according whether the flotation used is inboard (Fig.1) or external (Fig. 2):6.2.2 Fence boom with internal flotation generally has awater plane area that is small and concentrated near thecenterline of the boom. This narrow, fla
