1、Designation: F2683 11(Reapproved 2017)Standard Guide forSelection of Booms for Oil-Spill Response1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2683; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the selection of boom for the contain-ment and recovery of marine oil spills.1.2 This guide does not address the c
3、ompatibility of spill-control equipment with spill products. It is the users respon-sibility to ensure that any equipment selected is compatiblewith anticipated products and conditions.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathem
4、aticalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and heal
5、th practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Gu
6、ides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F818 Terminology Relating to Spill Response Booms andBarriersF1093 Test Methods for Tensile Strength Characteristics ofOil Spill Response BoomF1523/F
7、1523M Guide for Selection of Booms in Accor-dance With Water Body ClassificationsF2152/F2152M Guide for In-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil:Fire-Resistant Boom3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide is intended to aid in the selection of oil spillcontainment boom for various response conditions. It is noti
8、ntended to define rigid sets of boom selection standards.3.2 This guide is intended to be used by persons generallyfamiliar with the practical aspects of oil spill cleanup opera-tions including on-scene response coordinators, planners, oilspill management teams, oil spill removal organizations, andp
9、lan evaluators.3.3 Minimum requirements for boom dimensions,buoyancy, and tensile strength are specified in Guide F1523/F1523M. This guide provides additional qualitative informa-tion to aid in boom selection.3.4 Seven general types of boom systems are described inthis standard. Each description inc
10、ludes a summary of theoperating principle and a list of selection considerations.3.5 Definitions relating to boom design, boom types, boomcomponents, boom characteristics, and boom performance canbe found in Terminology F818.3.6 Selection considerations are included to help the user onthe selection
11、of a particular boom type or category. Users arecautioned that within each category there may be a widevariation in performance among the various booms.4. Boom Selection Considerations4.1 Selecting a boom for a particular application involvesexamining the booms likely performance with regards to ara
12、nge of operational requirements. The following recommen-dations are a guide to this process with the requirementsgrouped together according to the operating environment, theslick conditions, and boom performance criteria. Comments oneach of these operational requirements, specific to each boomtype,
13、are given in Section 6.4.2 The general statements below describe likely boomperformance with regards to individual design elements, andshould be used with the understanding that overall performanceis affected by a combination of design elements. For example,lower than typical buoyancy may be counter
14、acted by providingincreased longitudinal flexibility.4.3 Wave and Current ConditionsIn general, booms workbest in calm conditions or in a long, gentle swell with no1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibili
15、ty of SubcommitteeF20.11 on Control.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published May 2017. Originallyapproved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F2683-11. DOI:10.1520/F268311R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service a
16、t serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accord
17、ance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1current. Performance is degraded
18、in high waves, in short,choppy or breaking waves, and in strong currents.4.4 Roll Response in CurrentsGood roll response is im-portant to effective containment in high currents and waves.Roll response is improved with: sufficient ballast; ballastlocated low on the skirt; flotation located away from
19、the boomcenterline; and tension members located low on the skirt.4.5 Heave Response in WavesGood heave response willreduce losses due to splashover. Heave response is a functionof the buoyancy, boom mass, and the float water plane area.Heave response is improved with increased waterplane areaand buo
20、yancy-to-weight ratio.4.5.1 Heave response is also a function of the longitudinalflexibility of a boom as a wave moves along its length. Boomfreeboard and draft are reduced if a boom is too rigid to movewith the wave pattern. Water plane area and buoyancy are goodmeasures of heave response if a boom
21、 has the flexibility tomove with the wave pattern. Good flexibility helps a boomfollow the surface of a moving wave. Boom flexibility isgenerally enhanced by shorter float sections and closer floatspacing, providing flex between floats is allowed by the fabric.Good flexibility is also provided by a
22、continuous, but limberflotation material, such as a continuously inflated flotationchamber.4.5.2 Calm Water booms should have a gross buoyancy-to-weight (BW) ratio of at least 3:1, Protected Water booms 4:1,and Open Water booms 8:1. (See “Recommendations forSelection of Spill Containment Booms,” Gui
23、de F1523/F1523M.)4.5.3 In general, booms with buoyancy-to-weight ratioslower than those specified in Guide F1523/F1523M may not beas effective in other than benign conditions (that is, no wind,waves, or currents). Exceptions to the specified minimum BWratios include booms designed for special applic
24、ations, such asboom designed for static containment (that is, not towed),fire-resistant boom, and permanent boom. The latter two typesof boom typically have low buoyancy-to-weight ratios as aresult of their use of heavy, durable materials for fire-resistanceand long-term deployment, respectively. Th
25、ese booms mayhave BW ratios lower than the minimums listed in GuideF1523/F1523M.4.6 Freeboard Height and Skirt DepthAdequate freeboardis desirable to prevent splashover losses. Excessive freeboardcan lead to problems in high winds, with the wind depressingthe freeboard and raising the skirt if the a
26、ppropriate relation-ships between freeboard, draft, and ballast are not maintained.4.6.1 Skirt depth is typically half to two-thirds of the totalboom height. A deeper skirt does not contain more oil and maybe detrimental in high current conditions. In a fast current,water accelerates to move around
27、the bottom of the skirt, whichis likely to cause entrainment losses. Generally a skirt shouldnot be deeper than 6 in. (150 mm) in a current greater than 1.5knots and 3 in. (75 mm) for speeds greater than 3 knots.3Inshallow water, the skirt should be no greater than13 rd to15 ththe depth of the water
28、 or the acceleration of the water in therestricted area between the bottom of the skirt and the streambed may cause entrainment losses.4.7 Forces on a Boom:4.7.1 Straight-line drag force is tension on a boom causedby towing it from one end. This may limit transit speed ofvessels en route to a spill.
29、 Tow speed should be adjusted toaccount for the strength of the towline, strength of the boomtension members, strength of end connectors where the towlineis attached, and stability of the boom under tow.4.7.2 Towing a boom in a catenary configuration (U or J)will generate much higher drag forces tha
30、n towing in a straightline. Booms are towed in this way at very low speeds, typically(0.5 to 0.75 knots). Tow forces are easily estimated as afunction of boom draft, length, gap ratio, and tow or currentspeed.4,54.8 Boom Strength CriteriaTensile strength is an impor-tant boom criterion and also one
31、of the most difficult tomeasure accurately and to understand. There are severalproblems. If a boom is stressed to failure, tension membersmay not all fail together. This means that the strength of aboom is not necessarily equal to the aggregate strength of itsassembled components. Although all tensi
32、on members contrib-ute to overall strength, boom strength may be determined by itsweakest component. For example, boom connectors may faillong before the tension members, so boom strength would belimited to the strength of the weakest component. The onlyway to accurately determine boom strength is t
33、o test a sampleto failure. (See Test Methods F1093.)5. Boom Selection Checklist5.1 The primary selection criteria are generally draft andfreeboard dimensions, strength, and buoyancy-to-weight ratio.Buoyancy-to-weight ratios greater than those listed may resultin improved boom performance under certa
34、in conditions;however, further research is required before minimum valuesgreater than those shown can be established. As a result, usersshould be alert to special requirements that would demandhigher buoyancy-to-weight ratios than those listed in the guide.The user should be particularly alert when
35、selecting heavy,permanent boom. Many of these products have size andstrength appropriate for Protected Water or Open Water, butsome have very low buoyancy-to-weight ratios and thereforemay not be as effective except in Calm Water.5.2 Boom flexibility is important for applications in mediumswells and
36、 short-period waves. Shorter flotation elementsgenerally provide better flexibility. Further, the distance be-tween flotation sections should be less than one half theaverage wave length to prevent out of phase motions being setup. Good flexibility is also provided by a continuous butflexible flotat
37、ion material or an inflated flotation chamber.5.3 External flotation, rigging lines, or other surface featuresmay interrupt the fluid flow along the boom. A boom that has3Hansen, K. and Coe, T., Oil Spill Response in Fast Currents: A Field Guide,U.S. Coast Guard Report CG-D-01-02, 2001 .4World Catal
38、og of Oil Spill Response Products, 9th Edition, 2008.5Schulze, R. and Potter, S. “Estimating Forces on Oil Spill ContainmentBooms,” Spill Technology Newsletter, Vol 27, Jan-Dec 2002, Environment Canada,Ottawa, Ontario.F2683 11(2017)2a consistent profile along its length, and that is free of surfacei
39、rregularities will promote laminar fluid flow along the boomand reduce losses related to eddy currents. A consistent profileis also less prone to collecting debris.5.4 Materials should be strong enough to resist puncture bydebris. With air flotation booms, puncture resistance is a primeconsideration
40、.5.5 Anchor points are recommended at about 50 ft (15 m)intervals.5.6 Booms should be packaged for ease in transportation.Storage volume is important for storage and handling.5.7 Booms should be easy to assemble, deploy, and retrieve.5.8 Handles located along the top of the boom aid indeployment and
41、 handling.5.9 Booms can deteriorate in storage, particularly whenexposed to the elements, to extreme temperatures, to extremehumidity, and when handled in extreme temperatures. Selec-tion of appropriate fabrics and good storage practices areimportant to slow deterioration and extend the life of the
42、boom.6. Description of Boom Types6.1 The following describes the operating principles andkey selection considerations of seven main types of boomsystems. In some cases, subcategories are used to describeTABLE 1 Boom Selection CriteriaBoom Type TypicalApplicationsGeneralCommentsBuoyancy RollResponseH
43、eaveResponseFence Permanent or long-termdeployment;fueling areas,around ships,power plantoutfalls, and othercalm and protectedwater applications.Easy to deploy,resistant todamage, butrelatively bulkyfor storage.Generally low,varies withdesign.Generally low;may be improvedby ballast andoff-center flo
44、atarea.Generally low;may be improvedby increasing waterplane area andB:W ratio.Curtain, internalfoam flotationVarious calm andprotected waterapplications.Fairly easyto store.B:W ratiosgenerally in therange of 2 to 8.Good; helped byflexibility andbottom tensionmember.Good; improvedby short floatsecti
45、ons to increaseflexibility.Curtain, externalfoam flotationIndustrial, permanent,and other calmand protected waterapplications.Durable. Easy tostore and deploy;generally moreexpensive thancurtain boomwith internalfoam.B:W ratiosgenerally in therange of 2 to 8.Good; helped byflexible fabric andballast
46、.Fair to good;helped by B:Wratio and flexibility.Self-inflatablecurtainCalm, protected,and open waterapplications.Generally not usedfor industrialapplications orlong-termdeployment.Rapid deployment.Low storagevolume. Typicallystoredon reels.B:W ratiosgenerally 10.Buoyancy couldbe lost from punctureo
47、r leaking valve.Good; goodflexibility andbottom tensionhelp roll.Good resultingfrom high B:Wand flexibility.Pressure-inflatablecurtainCalm, protected,and open waterapplications.Generally notused for industrialapplications orlong-termdeployment.Deploymentsomewhat slowerthan self-inflatablecurtain. Ty
48、picallystored on reels.B:W ratiosgenerally 10.Buoyancy couldbe lost from punctureor leaking valve.Good due tobottom tensionand flexibility.Good due to highB:W ratio andflexibility.Fire resistant Used to containan oil slick forin situ burning.Conventionalbooms may be usedto direct oil intoburn pocket
49、 offire-resistantboom.Generally designedfor one burnapplication; somecan be storedand reused.B:W ratiosgenerally in the rangeof2to5;generally lowdue to use ofrelatively heavyfire-resistantmaterials.Generally poordue to weight andlow B:W;depends on boomtype.Generally poordue to weight andlow B:W;depends onboom type.Tidal seal Used in theintertidal zone,perpendicular orparallel to shore,to prevent oilfrom movingalong shorelineor into intertidalareas.Used to bridgethe gap betweenland and water.Only enoughto rise with tide;controlled bywater ballast.Generally good;controlled byb
