1、Designation: F2700 08 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forUnsteady-State Heat Transfer Evaluation of Flame ResistantMaterials for Clothing with Continuous Heating1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the non-steady state heattransfer th
3、rough flame resistant materials for clothing subjectedto a continuous, combined convective and radiant heat expo-sure.1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that arenot flame resistant.NOTE 1The determination of a materials flame resistance shall bemade prior to testing and done accor
4、ding to the applicable performance orspecification standard, or both, for the materials end-use.1.1.2 This test method does not predict a materials skinburn injury performance from the specified thermal energyexposure. It does not account for the thermal energy containedin the test specimen after th
5、e exposure has ceased.NOTE 2See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding thistest method and predicted skin burn injury.1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporat
6、e allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound or other units that are commo
7、nlyused for thermal testing.1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to us
8、e.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile MaterialsD3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) ofFabricE457 Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Using
9、a Thermal Capacitance (Slug) CalorimeterF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF2703 Test Method for Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Evalu-ation of Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing with BurnInjury Prediction3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 breakopen, nin testing thermal protective ma
10、terials,a material response evidenced by the formation of a hole in thetest specimen during the thermal exposure that may result inthe exposure energy in direct contact with the heat sensor.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe specimen is considered to exhibitbreakopen when a hole is produced as a result of the th
11、ermalexposure that is at least 3.2 cm2(0.5 in.2) in area or at least 2.5cm (1.0 in.) in any dimension. Single threads across theopening or hole do not reduce the size of the hole for thepurposes of this test method.3.1.2 charring, nthe formation of a carbonaceous residueas the result of pyrolysis or
12、 incomplete combustion.3.1.3 dripping, na material response evidenced by flowingof the polymer.3.1.4 embrittlement, nthe formation of a brittle residue asa result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and
13、 Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flame and Thermal.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F2700 - 08. DOI:10.1520/F2700-08R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
14、website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United S
15、tates13.1.5 heat flux, nthe thermal intensity indicated by theamount of energy transmitted divided by area and time; kW/m2(cal/cm2s).3.1.6 ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.3.1.7 melting, na material response evidenced by soften-ing of the polymer.3.1.8 unsteady state heat transfer value, nin
16、testing ofthermal protective materials, a quantity expressed as thetime-dependent difference between the incident and exitingthermal energy values normal to and across two definedparallel surfaces of an exposed thermal insulative material.3.1.9 heat transfer performance value (HTP), nin testingof th
17、ermal protective materials, the cumulative amount ofenergy identified by the intersection of the measured time-dependent heat transfer response through the subject materialto a time-dependent, empirical performance curve, expressedas a rating or value; J/cm2(cal/cm2).3.1.10 response to heat exposure
18、, nin testing the thermalresistance of thermal protective materials, the observableresponse of the material to the energy exposure as indicated bybreak-open, melting, dripping, charring, embrittlement,shrinkage, sticking, and ignition.3.1.11 shrinkage, na decrease in one or more dimensionsof an obje
19、ct or material.3.1.12 sticking, na material response evidenced by soft-ening and adherence of the material to the surface of itself oranother material.3.1.13 For the definitions of protective clothing terms usedin this method, refer to Terminology F1494, and for othertextile terms used in this metho
20、d, refer to Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A horizontally positioned test specimen is exposed to acombined convective and radiant heat source with an exposureheat flux of 84 6 2kW/m2(2 6 0.05 cal/cm2s).NOTE 3Other exposure heat flux values are allowed, howeverdifferent exposure condit
21、ions have the potential to produce differentresults. The test facility shall verify the stability of other exposure levelsover the materials exposure time interval (used to determine the heattransfer performance value) and include this in the test results report.4.2 The unsteady-state transfer of he
22、at through the testspecimen is measured using a copper slug calorimeter. Thechange in temperature versus time is used, along with theknown thermo-physical properties of copper, to determine therespective thermal energy passed through the test specimen.4.3 Aheat transfer performance value of the test
23、 specimen isdetermined as the intersection of the time-dependent cumula-tive heat response as measured by the calorimeter to atime-dependent, empirical performance curve identified in10.9.4.4 Observations of the thermal response of the specimenresulting from the exposure are optionally noted.5. Sign
24、ificance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of theheat transfer performance value of a material, a combination ofmaterials, or a comparison of different materials used in flameresistant clothing for workers exposed to combined convectiveand radiant thermal hazards.5.2 This
25、 test method evaluates a materials unsteady-stateheat transfer properties when exposed to a continuous andconstant heat source.Air movement at the face of the specimenand around the calorimeter can affect the measured heattransferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizingair movement aroun
26、d the specimen and test apparatus will aidin the repeatability of the results.5.3 This test method maintains the specimen in a static,horizontal position and does not involve movement except thatresulting from the exposure.5.4 This test method specifies a standardized 84 6 2kW/m2(2 6 0.05 cal/cm2s)
27、exposure condition. Different exposureconditions have the potential to produce different results. Useof other exposure conditions that are representative of theexpected hazard are allowed but shall be reported with theresults along with a determination of the exposure energy levelstability.5.5 This
28、test method does not predict skin burn injury fromthe heat exposure.NOTE 4See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding thistest method and predicted skin burn injury.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 General ArrangementThe measurement apparatusconfiguration consists of a combined convective and
29、radiantenergy heat source, a water cooled shutter for exposure control,a specimen and sensor support structure, a specimen holderassembly, a copper calorimeter sensor assembly, and a dataacquisition/analysis system. Automation of the apparatus forexecution of the measurement procedure is allowed. Th
30、egeneral arrangement of the test apparatus configuration isshown in Fig. 1.6.2 Gas SupplyPropane (commercial grade or better) orMethane (technical grade or better).6.3 Gas FlowmeterAny gas flowmeter or rotometer withrange to give a flow equivalent of at least 6 L (0.21 ft3)/min airat standard condit
31、ions.6.4 Thermal Energy Sources6.4.1 Two each, Meker or Fisher burners jetted for theselected fuel gas (propane or methane) with a 38 mm (1.5 in.)diameter top and an orifice size of 1.2 mm (364 in.) arranged sothat the bodies (top section) do not obstruct the quartz lampsand their flame profiles ove
32、rlap. Dimension tolerances are65%.6.4.2 Nine 500W T3 translucent quartz infrared lamps3,connected to a variable electrical power controller, arranged asa linear array with 13 6 0.5 mm center-to-center spacing set125 6 10 mm from the specimen surface.6.4.2.1 Use of a water-cooled housing for the quar
33、tz infra-red lamp bank is recommended. This helps to avoid heating3A500 Watt T3 120VAC quartz infrared heat lamp, product number 21651-1from Philips Lighting Company has been used successfully in this application.F2700 08 (2013)2adjacent mechanical components and to shield the operatorfrom the radia
34、nt energy.6.5 Thermal Sensor6.5.1 The transmitted heat sensor is a 4 6 0.05 cm diametercircular copper slug calorimeter constructed from electricalgrade copper with a mass of 18 6 0.05 grams (prior to drilling)with a single ANSI type J (Fe / Cu-Ni) or ANSI type K (Ni-Cr/ Ni-Al) thermocouple wire bea
35、d (0.254 mm wire diameter orfiner equivalent to 30 AWG) installed as identified in 6.5.2and shown in Fig. 2 (see Test Method E457 for informationregarding slug calorimeters). The sensor holder shall be con-structed from non-conductive heat resistant material with athermal conductivity value of 0.15
36、W/mK, high temperaturestability, and resistance to thermal shock. The board shall benominally 1.3 cm (0.5 in.) or greater in thickness. The sensoris held into the recess of the board using three straight pins,trimmed to a nominal length of 5 mm, by placing themequidistant around the edge of the sens
37、or so that the heads ofthe pins hold the sensor flush to the surface.6.5.1.1 Paint the exposed surface of the copper slug calo-rimeter with a thin coating of a flat black high temperaturespray paint with an absorptivity of 0.9 or greater4. The paintedsensor must be dried and cured, according to the
38、manufacturersinstructions, before use and present a uniformly applied coat-ing (no visual thick spots or surface irregularities). In theabsence of manufacturers instructions, an external heat source,for example, an external heat lamp, shall be used to completelydrive off any remaining organic carrie
39、rs in a freshly paintedsurface before use.NOTE 5Absorptivity of painted calorimeters is discussed in theASTMResearch Report, “ASTM Research Program on Electric Arc Test MethodDevelopment to Evaluate Protective Clothing Fabric; ASTM F18.65.01Testing Group Report onArc TestingAnalysis of the F1959 Sta
40、ndard TestMethodPhase 1.”56.5.2 The thermocouple wire bead is installed in the calo-rimeter as shown in Fig. 2.6.5.2.1 The thermocouple wire bead shall be bonded to thecopper disk either mechanically or by using high melting point(HMP) solder.(1) A mechanical bond shall be produced by mechanicallyde
41、forming the copper disk material (utilizing a copper fillingslug as shown in Fig. 2) around the thermocouple bead.(2) A solder bond shall be produced by using a suitableHMP solder with a melting temperature 280C.NOTE 6HMP solders consisting of 5 %Sb-95 %Pb (307C meltingpoint) and 5 %Sb-93.5%Pb-1.5 %
42、Ag (300C melting point) have beenfound to be suitable. The 280 C temperature minimum identified abovecorresponds to the point where melting of the solder bond would beexperienced with an 17 second exposure of an 84 kW/m2heat flux to aprepared copper calorimeter with a surface area of 12.57 cm2and a
43、massof 18.0 g. A careful soldering technique is required to avoid “cold” solderjoints (where the solder has not formed a suitable bond of the thermo-couple to the copper disk).6.5.3 Weight the sensor board assembly so that the totalmass is 1.0 6 0.01 kg and the downward force exhibited by thecopper
44、slug sensor surface is uniform.NOTE 7Any system of weighting that provides a uniformly weightedsensor is allowed.An auxiliary stainless steel plate affixed to or individualweights placed at the top of the sensor assembly, or both, have been foundto be effective.6.6 Data Acquisition/Analysis SystemA
45、data acquisition/analysis system is required that is capable of recording thecalorimeter temperature response, calculating the resultingthermal energy, and determining the test endpoint by compar-ing the time-dependent thermal energy transfer reading to anempirical performance curve.6.6.1 The data a
46、cquisition component shall have a minimumsampling rate of four samples per second for temperatures to250C with a minimum resolution of 0.1C and an accuracy of60.75C. It must be capable of making cold junction correc-tions and converting the millivolt signals from either the typeJ or K thermocouple t
47、o temperature (see NIST Monograph 1754Zynolyte #635 from Aervoe Industries has been found suitable. Zynolyte is aregistered trademark of the Glidden Company.5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:F18-1001.NOTE 1Note the
48、 exposure heat source incorporates two Meker burners and nine quartz infrared lampsFIG. 1 Apparatus used to Measure Heat Transfer Performance of Textile MaterialsF2700 08 (2013)3or ASTM MNL 126Manual on the Use of Thermocouples inTemperature Measurement).6.7 Solvents, alcohol or petroleum solvent fo
49、r cleaning thecopper slug calorimeter.6.8 Paint, flat-black, spray type with an absorptivity value0.90.6.9 Specimen Holder Assembly(See Fig. 3.) Three com-plete assemblies are desirable for testing efficiency. Alterationis allowed to provide for mechanically restraining a specimenin the holder (see 10.3.2.1).NOTE 8The upper specimen mounting plate is designed so that thecopper calorimeter assembly fits into the center cutout.An optional spacercomponent is also designed to fit into the center cutout with the coppercalorimeter positio
