1、Designation: F 2702 08Standard Test Method forRadiant Heat Performance of Flame Resistant ClothingMaterials with Burn Injury Prediction1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2702; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures thermal protective character-istics of flame resistant textile mate
3、rials subjected to a stan-dardized radiant heat exposure relative to a predicted second-degree skin burn injury.1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to textile materialsthat are not flame resistant.NOTE 1The determination of a textile materials flame resistance shallbe made prior to testing and
4、done according to the applicable performanceand/or specification standard for the textile materials end-use.1.1.2 This test method accounts for the thermal energycontained in an exposed test specimen after the standardizedradiant heat exposure has ceased.1.2 This test method is used to measure and d
5、escribe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to
6、be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonlyused for thermal testing.1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this st
7、andard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 1777 Test Method for Thickness of T
8、extile MaterialsD 3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) ofFabricD 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)E 457 Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Usinga Thermal Capacitance (Slug) CalorimeterF 1494 Terminology Relating to Protect
9、ive Clothing2.2 Other Standards:CCC-C-419 Federal Specification for Cloth, Duck, Un-bleached, Plied-Yarns, Army and Numbered3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 break-open, nin testing thermal protective materi-als, a material response evidenced by the formation of a hole inthe test specimen during t
10、he thermal exposure that may resultin the exposure energy in direct contact with the heat sensor.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe specimen is considered to exhibitbreakopen when a hole is produced as a result of the thermalexposure that is at least 3.2 cm2(0.5 in.2) in area or at least 2.5cm (1.0 in.) in any d
11、imension. Single threads across theopening or hole do not reduce the size of the hole for thepurposes of this test method.3.1.2 charring, nthe formation of a carbonaceous residueas the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.3 dripping, na material response evidenced by flow-ing of the poly
12、mer.3.1.4 embrittlement, nthe formation of a brittle residue asa result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.5 heat flux, nthe thermal intensity indicated by theamount of energy transmitted divided by area and time;kW/m2(cal/cm2s).3.1.6 ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.3.1.7 melting, na
13、material response evidenced by soften-ing of the polymer.3.1.8 radiant heat performance (RHP), nin testing ofthermal protective materials, the cumulative amount of trans-ferred energy identified by the intersection of a measured1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on Pers
14、onalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flame and Thermal.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
15、 Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.time-dependent heat transfer response through a subject mate-rial to a
16、time-dependent, empirical predicted second-degreeskin burn injury performance curve3, expressed as a rating orvalue; J/cm2(cal/cm2).3.1.9 response to heat exposure, nin testing of thermalprotective materials, the observable response of the textile tothe energy exposure as indicated by break-open, me
17、lting,dripping, charring, embrittlement, shrinkage, sticking, andignition.3.1.10 second-degree burn injury, nin testing of thermalprotective materials, reversible burn damage at the epidermis/dermis interface in human tissue.3.1.11 shrinkage, na decrease in one or more dimensionsof an object or mate
18、rial.3.1.12 sticking, na material response evidenced by soft-ening and adherence of the material to the surface of itself oranother material.3.1.13 sample test suite, nany number of test specimensused to derive a single thermal performance estimate value.3.1.13.1 Discussionthe determination of a sin
19、gle radiantheat performance estimate value requires exposing a number ofspecimens under varying exposure conditions so that thethermal energy left in the sample after the radiant source isremoved is considered and accounted for when determiningperformance against a burn injury prediction.3.1.14 For
20、the definitions of protective clothing terms usedin this method, refer to Terminology F 1494, and for othertextile terms used in this method, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A vertically positioned test specimen is exposed to aradiant heat source with an exposure heat flux of
21、 either (a) 21kW/m2(0.5 cal/cm2s) or (b) 84 kW/m2(2 cal/cm2s).NOTE 2Other exposure heat flux values are allowed. The test facilityshall verify the stability of the exposure level over the material exposuretime interval (used to determine the radiant heat performance value) andinclude this in the tes
22、t results report.4.2 The transfer of heat through the test specimen ismeasured using a copper slug calorimeter. The change intemperature versus time is used, along with the known thermo-physical properties of copper to determine the respectivethermal energy delivered.4.3 A Radiant Heat Performance v
23、alue of the test specimenis determined iteratively as the intersection of the time-dependent cumulative radiant heat response as measured by thecalorimeter to a time-dependent, empirical predicted second-degree skin burn injury performance curve identified in10.2.1.4.4.4 Subjective observations of t
24、he thermal response oftested specimens are optionally noted.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of theradiant heat performance value of a material, a combination ofmaterials, or a comparison of different materials used in flameresistant clothing for workers
25、exposed to radiant thermalhazards.5.2 This test method evaluates a materials heat transferproperties when exposed to a heat exposure at a constant valueand systematically varied durations. Air movement at the faceof the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect themeasured heat transferred due
26、to forced convective heat losses.Minimizing air movement around the specimen and testapparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.5.3 This test method accounts for the thermal energy con-tained in the exposed test specimen after the radiant heatexposure has ceased. Higher values of Radiant
27、 Heat Perfor-mance rating determined in this test associate to higher valuesof radiant energy protection against a predicted skin burninjury.5.4 This test method maintains the specimen in a static,vertical position and does not involve movement except thatresulting from the exposure procedure.5.5 Th
28、is test method specifies two standard sets of exposureconditions, 21 kW/m2(0.5 cal/cm2s) and 84 kW/m2(2.0 cal/cm2s). Either can be used.5.5.1 If a different set of exposure conditions is used, it islikely that different results will be obtained.5.5.2 The optional use of other conditions representati
29、ve ofthe expected hazard, in addition to the standard set of exposureconditions, is permitted. However, the exposure conditionsused must be reported with the results along with a determi-nation of the exposure energy level stability.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 General ArrangementThe apparatus cons
30、ists of avertically oriented radiant heat source, specimen holder assem-bly, protective shutter, sensor assembly, and data acquisition/analysis system. The general arrangement of the radiant heatsource, specimen holder, and protective shutter of a suitableapparatus is shown in Fig. 1.6.1.1 Radiant H
31、eat SourceA suitable, vertically orientedradiant heat source is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a bank offive, 500 W infrared, tubular, translucent quartz lamps havinga 127 mm (5.0-in.) lighted length and a mean overall length of222 mm (834 in.). The lamps are mounted on 9.5 6 0.4 mm(38 6164-in.) ce
32、nters so that the lamp surfaces are approxi-mately 0.4 mm (164-in.) apart. The bank or array of lamps aremounted and centered behind a 63.5 by 140 mm (212 by 512-in.) cut-out that is positioned in the center of a 12.7 mm(12-in.) thick, 86 mm (338-in.) wide, by 292 mm (11-12 in.)long high temperature
33、 insulating board as shown in Fig. 2. Thequartz lamps are heated electrically, and the power inputcontrolled by means of a rheostat or variable power supplyhaving a capacity of at least 25A.6.1.1.1 Setting and monitoring the voltmeter readout on avoltage-controlled variable power supply is one metho
34、d tocalibrate and monitor the exposure level during the testing on3Derived from: Stoll, A.M. and Chianta, M.A., “Method and Rating System forEvaluations of Thermal Protection”, Aerospace Medicine, Vol 40, 1969, pp.1232-1238 and Stoll, A.M. and Chianta, M.A., “Heat Transfer through Fabrics asRelated
35、to Thermal Injury”, Transactions New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 33(7), Nov. 1971, pp. 649-670.F2702082FIG. 1 General Expanded View of a Compliant Radiant Heat Performance Test Apparatus (see Figs. 2-4 for specific item details)FIG. 2 Detailed View of Position of Quartz Lamps on TransiteF2702083a
36、system so equipped. A voltmeter, accurate to 6 1V,istypically installed with the appropriate load circuit to indicatelamp operating power.6.1.1.2 Any covers or guards installed on the quartz lampassembly shall be designed such that any convective energygenerated is not allowed to impinge on the samp
37、le specimen(vertical, unimpeded ventilation is required).NOTE 3Radiant measurement systems designed with closed lampassembly covers and covers with minimal ventilation have been found toexhibit large measurement biases in round robin testing.NOTE 4Quartz infrared lamps, part description QH500T3/CL f
38、romGeneral Electric Company, Consumer ASTM F18.65.01Testing Group Report onArc TestingAnalysis of the F 1959 Standard TestMethodPhase 1”66.1.5.2 The thermocouple wire is installed in the calorimeteras shown in Fig. 5.(1) The thermocouple wire shall be bonded to the copperdisk either mechanically or
39、by using high melting point (HMP)solder.(2) A mechanical bond shall be produced by mechanicallydeforming the copper disk material (utilizing a copper fillingslug as shown in Fig. 5) around the thermocouple bead.5Zynolyte #635 from Aervoe Industries has been found suitable. Zynolyte is aregistered tr
40、ademark of the Glidden Company.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: F181001.FIG. 4 Sample Position ExampleTop View EnlargementNOTE 1Secure the copper disk into the supporting insulation board with three sewing pins c
41、ut to a nominal 5 mm (0.375 in.) in length positionedaround the periphery so that the sewing pin heads hold the disk into the board.FIG. 5 Radiant Heat Performance test sensor (copper calorimeter mounted in insulation block) showing the mechanical bonding optionof thermocouple to copper diskF2702085
42、(3) A solder bond shall be produced by using a suitableHMP solder with a melting temperature 280 C.NOTE 8HMP solders consisting of 5 %Sb-95 %Pb (307C meltingpoint) and 5 %Sb-93.5 %Pb-1.5 %Ag (300C melting point) have beenfound to be suitable. The 280Ctemperature minimum identified abovecorresponds t
43、o the point where melting of the solder bond would beexperienced with an 17 second exposure of an 84 kW/m2heat flux to aprepared copper calorimeter with a surface area of 12.57 cm2and a massof 18.0 g. A careful soldering technique is required to avoid “cold” solderjoints (where the solder has not fo
44、rmed a suitable bond of the thermo-couple to the copper disk).6.1.6 Data Acquisition/Analysis SystemA dataacquisition/analysis system is required that is capable ofrecording the calorimeter temperature response, calculating theresulting thermal energy, and determining the test endpoint bycomparing t
45、he time-dependent thermal energy transfer readingto the empirical performance curve.6.1.6.1 The data acquisition component must have a mini-mum sampling rate of four samples per second for tempera-tures to 250C with a minimum resolution of 0.1C and anaccuracy of 60.75C. It must be capable of making
46、coldjunction corrections and converting the millivolt thermocouplesignals to temperature (See NIST Monograph 175 or ASTMMNL127Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in TemperatureMeasurement).6.1.7 Solvents, alcohol or petroleum solvent for cleaning thecopper slug calorimeter.7. Hazards7.1 This test met
47、hod uses a high radiant energy source totest materials. The apparatus shall be adequately shielded tominimize any radiant exposure to personnel.Avoid viewing thelamps when energized.7.2 Perform the test in an appropriate exhaust hood that isdesigned to contain and carry away combustion products,smok
48、e, and fumes. Shield the apparatus or turn off the hoodwhile running the test; turn the hood on to clear the fumes.Maintain an adequate separation between the radiant heatsource and combustible materials.7.3 The specimen holder and sensor assembly becomeheated during prolonged testinguse protective
49、gloves whenhandling these hot objects.7.4 Observe the appropriate precautions if a specimenignites or generates combustible gases. Use only the appropri-ate fire suppression materials for electrical systems if itbecomes necessary to extinguish a fire at the unit.7.5 Refer to manufacturers Material Safety Data Sheets(MSDS) for information on handling, use, storage, and dis-posal of chemicals used in this test method.8. Sampling and Specimen Preparation8.1 Laboratory SampleSelect a minimum of a 2.0 m2(2.4yd2) sample size from the m
