1、Designation: F 2709 08Standard Test Method forDetermining Nameplate Recovery Rate of Stationary OilSkimmer Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method defines a method and measurementcriteria to quantify the nameplate recovery rate (capacity) of as
3、tationary skimmer system in ideal conditions. If a determina-tion of a skimmers capabilities in realistic conditions (that is,advancing or waves) is required, testing should be performedaccording to Guide F 631 or equivalent.1.2 This test method includes the option of testing todetermine recovery ef
4、ficiency.1.3 This test method and parameters are intended to provideideal recovery conditions allowing the skimmer system tooperate and collect oil at its maximum possible recovery rate.Given ideal conditions, inherent mechanical and physicalattributes of the system become the limiting factors.1.4 T
5、his test method is intended to identify limitations of theskimmer system, such as performance of the skimming mecha-nism, the flow of oil within the skimmer and sump, the pumpcharacteristics, and typical discharge head conditions.1.5 It is accepted that the nameplate recovery rate asdetermined by th
6、is test method will not likely be achievableunder actual conditions of a spill. The nameplate recovery rateshould be used in conjunction with a de-rating factor to accountfor such issues as changing encounter rate, changes in otherrecovery conditions, changes in oil properties and slick thick-ness,
7、number of daylight hours, operator downtime, less thanideal control of skimmer settings, and inclement weather.1.6 This test method involves the use of specific test oilsthat may be considered hazardous materials. It is the respon-sibility of the user of this test method to procure and abide byneces
8、sary permits and regulations for the use and disposal oftest oil.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
9、 theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil AgainstWater by the Ring MethodD 1
10、298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity ofLubricants Measured by Brookfield ViscometerD 4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oilby
11、the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)F 631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data inControlled Environments3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ideal conditionsoperating conditions that result inthe maximum nameplate recovery rate of a skimming systemwithin the limitations of the test m
12、ethod.3.1.2 nameplate recovery ratethe maximum rate at whichthe skimmer system can recover and process oil under idealconditions.3.1.3 oleophilicoil skimmers that use collection surfacesfor recovery, for example, disc, brush, drum, belt, mop, and soforth.3.1.4 OSROOil Spill Removal Organization.3.1.
13、5 recovery effciencythe ratio, expressed as a percent-age, of the volume of oil recovered to the total volume of fluidsrecovered.3.1.6 skimmer systema skimmer and ancillary equipment,including power supply, hydraulic lines, discharge pump,suction/discharge hoses, and control apparatus.1This test met
14、hod is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 onHazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F20.11 on Control.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published September 2008.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
15、orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Significance
16、and Use4.1 It has been industry practice to claim the capacity of askimmer based on the rate of the discharge pump (which aretypically rated using water as a test fluid) or other arbitrarymethods.4.2 End users need a test methodology that evaluatesoptimum performance data for planning and selection
17、ofequipment.4.3 This test method will assist producers and other stake-holders to verify and accurately report skimmer system perfor-mance.4.4 This test method is specifically designed to quantify twokey skimmer performance values, to reduce testing costs, andto encourage industry wide performance s
18、tandardization.4.5 This test method establishes test conditions that willresult in a measured nameplate recovery rate and an indicationof the combination of test parameters (oil type, viscosity,operating speed) that result in the highest average performancefor the tested skimmer system.4.6 This test
19、 method will validate the performance of thedischarge pump in the skimmer system, under conditions thatare typical of a recovery operation. Specifically, this willinclude a modest imposed head pressure composed of statichead and dynamic friction losses due to a specified length ofdischarge hose.4.7
20、This test method encourages performance testing usingtwo or more oils for comparison purposes.4.8 Tests shall be conducted under well-documented condi-tions and generate repeatable results. More detailed testing andcollection of skimmer performance is covered under existingstandards (for example, Gu
21、ide F 631).4.9 Testing (SL Ross 2007)3has shown that, when water ispresent, recovery performance in slick thicknesses rangingfrom 50 mm to 75 mm results in values comparable tosignificantly thicker slicks. This may not be the case withhigh-rate skimmers in viscous oil, where the rate of oilrecovery
22、exceeds the rate at which the slick will flow to theskimmer mechanism.4.10 For skimming systems that include various options forthe discharge pump, the test described in this test method maybe used to measure the performance of the skimming compo-nent of the system. Performance of the pumping compon
23、entcan be measured independently using the same viscosity of oiland the discharge head conditions noted in this test method.The nameplate recovery rate of any specified skimming com-ponent and pump combination would be the lesser of theskimming component and the pump.5. Test Facilities5.1 The minimu
24、m lateral dimensions of the test tank shall bethree times the length and width of the skimmer device, that is,if the skimmer has a dimension of 1 by 1 m, the test area shallbe 3 by 3 m. If the test is conducted without the presence ofwater, the tank may be smaller; however, the skimmer mustfloat fre
25、ely and be clear of the tank walls throughout the testperiod. The tank depth shall accommodate the skimmer with-out grounding during the test.5.2 Test oils shall be identified by industry-accepted nameand are recommended to fall within the five categories definedin Guide F 631.5.3 It is recommended
26、the skimmer system be tested in twoor more oil types for comparison purposes.5.4 The oils used for testing will be characterized fromsamples taken at the start of a test period or when oil isreplenished from a new source.Atest oil log shall be generatedand will indicate test oil type, sample number,
27、 temperature, andtest date.5.5 The following tests are to be conducted on oils: viscos-ity (Test Method D 2983), bottom solids and water (TestMethod D 4007), specific gravity (Test Method D 1298), sur-face, and interfacial tension (Test Method D 971). Viscositymay also be established using a publish
28、ed temperature/viscosity chart for the test oil. Viscosity shall be reported forthe temperature at which the test is performed.5.6 Manual temperature measurements of the test oil (andwater, if applicable) will be taken in or near the skimmer sumpwith an accuracy of 61C. Note that if testing outdoors
29、, solareffects may significantly increase surface oil temperature. Ifsteam or heat is introduced into the skimmer system as part ofits design, additional measurements are to be taken before suchheating to accurately gauge the properties of the oil.5.7 Ambient air test temperature shall be recorded.5
30、.8 Record water salinity if applicable.5.9 The skimmer shall be tethered but must float freely forthe duration of the test.5.10 Tanks are required for recovered product for subse-quent volume measurements. The collection tanks shall beelevated above the test oil surface to accommodate a requiredstat
31、ic head on the skimmer system equal to 3.5 m of fluid.Alternatively, a restriction may be imposed within the dis-charge hose to mimic the desired static and dynamic head at thepump discharge at expected flow rates.5.11 For skimmers that do not include a discharge pump, therecovery rate shall be meas
32、ured as oil accumulates in theskimmers sump.5.12 When applicable, hydraulic pressure and flow mea-surements shall be made during the tests. Pressure and flowvalues shall not exceed manufacturer recommendations.6. Skimmer System Set-up6.1 General:6.1.1 The skimmer components shall be fully documented
33、.This shall include: dimensions, draft and freeboard, weight,specifications of skimmer, hydraulic power unit, dischargepump and hoses, and so forth. Components other than thoseprovided by the manufacturer and necessary to assemble afunctional skimmer system shall be reported.6.1.2 The skimmer shall
34、be deployed in the center of the testarea and tethered, but allowed to float freely.6.1.3 If a discharge pump is offered by the manufacturer aspart of the system, the normal commercially offered pump shallbe used in this test. It may be installed in the skimmer head orremotely but shall be configure
35、d as designed.3S. L. Ross Environmental Research Ltd., Skimmer Tests at the Ohmsett Facilityto Validate a Standard Test Protocol for Nameplate Recovery Rate, MineralsManagement Service, Herndon, VA, 2007.F27090826.1.4 The manufacturer supplied power supply, hydrauliclines, control apparatus, and acc
36、essories shall be used tooperate the skimmer.6.1.5 Control lines, hydraulic lines, and discharge hosesshould not interfere with the normal operation of the skimmer.Route hydraulic and discharge hoses to minimize effect onskimmer freeboard.6.1.6 The pump and power supply shall be operated withinits n
37、ormal operating range or duty point for the system.6.1.7 When applicable, the operational speed of the recov-ery device shall be recorded, that is, rotational speed of drumor disc, or lineal speed of mop or brush. Various means may beemployed, for example, mechanical or manual counters, mea-suring h
38、ydraulic flow correlated to rotational speed and soforth, but must be validated as part of each test series.6.1.8 Test oil is transferred from supply to the test area forestablishing the initial preload volume slick thickness whenwater is present.6.1.9 The skimming system will be equipped with a dis
39、-charge hose 15 m long and of the manufacturer intendeddiameter. The discharge hose shall be routed to a collectiontank. The end of the discharge hose opening shall be elevated3.5 m above the test oil surface unless the head is simulated asdescribed in 5.10.6.2 Testing with Oil Only:6.2.1 The volume
40、 of oil preloaded into the test tank shall besufficient for the skimmer to remain free-floating throughoutthe test.6.2.2 The collection tank shall be calibrated to accuratelyquantify the volume of fluid collected. Measurement accuracyshall be determined and documented.6.3 Testing in Oil with Water P
41、resent:6.3.1 The test tank shall be preloaded with fresh or saltwater to a sufficient depth for the skimmer to remain free-floating throughout the test.6.3.2 The test tank shall be preloaded with more than 75 mmof test oil. Note to testeradditional oil may be added to thepreload to allow for adjustm
42、ents, operational speed measure-ments, and to achieve steady state recovery prior to thecollection period.6.3.3 An accurate means of determining oil slick thicknesswhile the oil slick thickness is declining is required. Typicalmeans of accomplishing include manual soundings from tankedge to oil surf
43、ace or using a submerged translucent tube (siteglass) with an internal index.6.3.4 The collection tank shall provide a means to decantfree water from the volume of recovered fluid.7. Procedure7.1 General:7.1.1 This test method defines the procedure for quantifyingskimmer system recovery rate in a sl
44、ick of all oil or oil withwater present while testing in ideal conditions. The presence ofwater provides a means of determining corresponding recoveryefficiency.7.1.2 The duration of the measurement period will dependon the recovery rate of the skimmer. The measurement periodshould be a minimum of 3
45、0 s. The skimmer system shall be ata steady state operating condition before the collection periodbegins and measurements are obtained.7.2 Methodology:7.2.1 Confirm preload volume of oil and, if water present,slick thickness.7.2.2 Measure the surface oil temperature and, if present,water temperature
46、 below oil surface.7.2.3 Start the power supplies for the skimmer and dis-charge pump.7.2.4 If applicable, start data collection systems; (it isbeneficial to obtain hydraulic pressure and flow measurements,supply tank volume, and so forth.)7.2.5 Start the skimmer discharge pump and, if applicable,re
47、covery device simultaneously.7.2.6 Recover fluid to a secondary tank until flow isestablished and operational adjustments have been completed.7.2.7 When the skimmer is operating to the satisfaction ofthe skimmer operator and steady state recovery is established,recovered fluid shall be diverted to t
48、he dedicated collectiontank. Simultaneously start the collection period timer.7.2.8 Recover fluids until the appropriate collection time orrecovered fluid volume criteria are met.7.2.9 When testing with a slick floating on water, thestarting thickness may range from 75 to 100 mm to allow forstartup
49、and establishing a steady recovery rate. The measure-ment period shall start when the slick thickness is approxi-mately 75 mm, shall be a minimum of 30 s after steady stateconditions are achieved, and shall end when the slick thicknessapproaches 50 mm.7.2.10 During the recovery period, confirm operationalparameters, that is, drum rotational speed, discharge pumpspeed, and so forth.7.2.11 Stop the skimmer and discharge pump or redirectflow to the secondary collection tank. Simultaneously stop thecollection period timer.7.2.12 Stop the data collection system.7.2.13 Measure and
