1、Designation: F 2731 10Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Transmitted and Stored Energy of FirefighterProtective Clothing Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2731; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides procedures for measuring thecombination of transmitted and stored energ
3、y that occurs infirefighter protective clothing material systems as the result ofexposure to prolonged, relatively low levels of radiant heat.1.1.1 This test method applies a predetermined compressiveload to a preheated specimen to simulate conductive heattransfer.1.1.2 This test method is not appli
4、cable to protective cloth-ing systems that are not flame resistant.1.1.3 DiscussionFlame resistance of the material systemshall be determined prior to testing according to the applicableperformance and/or specification standard for the materialsend-use.1.2 This test method establishes procedures for
5、 moisturepreconditioning of firefighter protective clothing material sys-tems.1.3 The second-degree burn injury used in this standard isbased on a limited number of experiments on forearms ofhuman subjects.1.3.1 DiscussionThe length of exposures needed to gen-erate a second-degree burn injury in thi
6、s test method exceedsthe exposures times found in the limited number of experi-ments on human forearms.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to English units or other units commonly used forthermal testing.1.5
7、 This standard is used to measure and describe theproperties of materials, products, or assemblies in response toradiant heat under controlled laboratory conditions but doesnot by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard orfire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies
8、under actual fire conditions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations
9、 prior to use. Specific precau-tionary information is found in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile MaterialsD3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) ofFabricF1494 Terminology Relating to Protec
10、tive ClothingF1930 Test Method for Evaluation of Flame ResistantClothing for Protection Against Flash Fire SimulationsUsing an Instrumented Manikin2.2 AATCC Test Methods:3AATCC 70 Test Method for Water Repellency: Tumble JarDynamic Absorption TestAATCC 135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic HomeLaunde
11、ring of Durable Press Woven or Knit Fabrics2.3 NFPA Standard:4NFPA 1971 Standard on Protective Ensembles for Struc-tural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 break-open, nin testing thermal protective materi-als, a material response evidence by the formation o
12、f a hole inthe test specimen.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe specimen is considered to exhibitbreak-open when a hole is produced as a result of the thermalexposure that is at least 3.2 cm2(0.25 in.2) in area or at least 2.5cm (1.0 in.) in any dimension. Single threads across theopening or hole do not reduce t
13、he size of the hole for purposesof this test method.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flame and Thermal.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2010. Published March 2010.
14、DOI: 10.1520/F2731-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of
15、 Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.4Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
16、West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2 charring, nthe formation a carbonaceous residue asthe result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.3 dripping, na material response evidenced by flow-ing of the polymer.3.1.4 embrittlement, nthe formation of brittle residue as aresult of pyro
17、lysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.5 heat flux, nthe thermal intensity indicated by theamount of energy transmitted per unit area and per unit time;kW/m2(cal/cm2-s).3.1.6 ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.3.1.7 melting, nin testing thermal protective materials, aresponse evidenced by softening
18、 of the polymer.3.1.8 response to heat exposure, nin testing for thetransmitted and stored energy of thermal protective materials,the observable response of the textile to the energy exposure asindicated by break-open, melting, dripping, charring, em-brittlement, shrinkage, sticking, and ignition.3.
19、1.8.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this test method,response to heat exposure also includes any non-textile rein-forcement material used as part of the protective clothingmaterial system that is tested.3.1.9 second-degree burn injury, nreversible burn dam-age in the epidermis and upper layers of th
20、e dermis, resultingin blistering, severe pain, reddening, and swelling.3.1.10 shrinkage, na decrease in one or more dimensionsof an object or material.3.1.11 sticking, na response evidenced by softening andadherence of the material to other material.3.1.11.1 DiscussionFor the purpose of this test me
21、thod,the observation of sticking applies to any material layer in theprotective clothing material system.3.1.12 stored energy, nenergy stored in a fabric/composite after the heating source is removed.3.1.12.1 DiscussionThe term stored energy referred to inthis standard only accounts for the energy r
22、eleased to thesensor after compressing. Stored energy is also lost to thecompressor block and the surrounding environment.3.1.13 thermal protective clothing system, nany combina-tion of materials which when used as a composite can, undercertain conditions, permit a measured level of heat transfer to
23、occur.3.1.13.1 DiscussionThe rate at which this heat transferoccurs can vary depending on the materials.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,refer to Terminology D123 and Terminology F1494.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A vertically positioned test specimen, representative ofthe
24、 lay-up in firefighter protective clothing, is exposed to arelatively low level of radiant heat flux at 8.5 6 0.5 kW/m2(0.26 0.012 cal/cm2-s) for a fixed period of time.4.2 During the time of radiant heat exposure, a data collec-tion sensor, positioned 6.4 6 0.1 mm (0.25 6 0.004 in.) behindand paral
25、lel to the innermost surface of the test specimen,measures the heat energy transmitted through the test speci-men.4.3 In the same test apparatus, the test specimen is com-pressed against the data collection sensor at a pressure of 13.86 0.7 kPa (2.0 psi 6 0.1 psi) for a fixed period of time. Thisloa
26、d could possibly simulate a firefighter leaning against awall, squatting or sitting down. This compression step occursafter the fixed radiant heat exposure time and after thespecimen is moved away from the heating source.4.4 During the time of compression against the data collec-tion sensor, the dat
27、a collection sensor continues to measure theheat energy transferred from the test specimen for a fixedduration of time.4.5 The total energy transmitted and stored by the testspecimen is used to predict whether a second degree burninjury can be predicted. If a second-degree burn injury ispredicted, t
28、he time to a second degree burn injury is reported.4.6 Two different sets of procedures are provided. In Pro-cedure A, an iterative method is used to determine theminimum length of the radiant heat exposure followed by a 60second compression that will result in the prediction of asecond degree burn
29、injury. In Procedure B, testing is conductedat fixed radiant heat exposure and a 60-second compressionperiod. The report for Procedure B includes if a second degreeburn injury has been predicted and if predicted, the time for asecond degree burn injury.4.7 If a second degree burn injury is not predi
30、cted, the resultis indicated as “no predicted burn.”4.8 Appendix X1 contains a general description of humanburn injury, its calculation and historical notes.5. Significance and Use5.1 Firefighters are routinely exposed to radiant heat in thecourse of their fireground activities. In some cases, firef
31、ightershave reported burn injuries under clothing where there is noevidence of damage to the exterior or interior layers of thefirefighter protective clothing.5Low levels of transmittedradiant energy alone or a combination of the transmittedradiant energy and stored energy released through compressi
32、oncan be sufficient to cause these types of injuries. This testmethod was designed to measure both the transmitted andstored energy in firefighter protective clothing material systemsunder a specific set of laboratory exposure conditions.5.2 The intensity of radiant heat exposure used in this testme
33、thod was chosen to be an approximate midpoint represen-tative of ordinary fireground conditions as defined for struc-tural firefighting (1), (2)6. The specific radiant heat exposurewas selected at 8.5 6 0.5 kW/m2(0.20 6 0.012 cal/cm2-s)since this level of radiant heat can be maintained by the testeq
34、uipment and produces little or no damage to mostNFPA 1971 compliant protective clothing systems.5.2.1 DiscussionUtech defined ordinary fireground con-ditions as having air temperatures ranging from 60 to 300Cand having heat flux values ranging from 2.1 to 21.0 kW/m2(0.05 to 0.5 cal/cm2-s).5.3 Protec
35、tive clothing systems include the materials used inthe composite structure. These include the outer shell, moisture5Development of a Test Method for Measuring Transmitted Heat and StoredThermal Energy in Firefighter Turnouts, final report presented to National Institutefor Occupational Safety and He
36、alth (NIOSH) National Personal Protective Tech-nology Laboratory (NPPTL) under Contract No. 200-2005-12411, April 29, 2008.6The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.F2731102barrier, and thermal barrier. It is possible they will also includeother ma
37、terials used on firefighter protective clothing such asreinforcement layers, seams, pockets, flaps, hook and loop,straps, or reflective trim.5.4 The transmission and storage of heat energy in fire-fighter protective clothing is affected by several factors. Theseinclude the effects of “wear” and “use
38、” conditions of theprotective clothing system. In this test method, conditioningprocedures are provided for the laundering of compositesamples prior to testing, and also composite sample moisturepreconditioning. The amount of moisture added during precon-ditioning typically falls into a worst case a
39、mount in terms ofpredicted heat transfer, as suggested by Barker (3).5.5 Two different procedures for conducting the test areprovided in this test method. Procedure A involves an iterativeapproach to determine the minimum exposure time followedby a fixed 60-second compression time required to predic
40、t asecond degree burn injury. In this approach, the length of theradiant exposure is varied systematically using a series of teststo determine the length of the radiant exposure that will resultin the prediction of a second degree burn injury. Procedure Binvolves using a fixed radiant heat exposure
41、time to determineif a second degree burn injury will or will not be predicted. Ifa second degree burn injury is predicted, the time to a seconddegree burn injury is reported. If a second degree burn injuryis not predicted, the result is indicated as “no predicted burn.”Procedure B involves a fewer n
42、umber of tests. This procedureincludes recommended fixed radiant exposure times.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 General ArrangementThe transmitted and stored en-ergy testing apparatus shall consist of a specimen holder,sensor assembly, transfer tray, data collection sensor, compres-sor assembly, heati
43、ng source, and a data acquisition/controls/burn damage analysis system. A overhead view of thesecomponents, minus the data acquisition/controls/ burn damageanalysis system, is illustrated in Fig. 1.6.2 Specimen HolderThe specimen holder shall consist ofupper and lower mounting plates made of stainle
44、ss steel. Eachplate shall be 170 by 170 6 1 mm (6.6 by 6.6 6 0.04 in.) andthe thickness shall be 6.4 6 0.1 mm (0.25 6 0.004 in.), witha centered 100 by 100 6 1 mm (3.9 by 3.9 6 0.04 in.) hole.The lower plate shall have an attached handle that is at least 75mm (3 in.) in length. The lower specimen mo
45、unting plate shallhave a minimum of two alignment posts attached perpendicularto the plane of the plate. The upper sample mounting plate shallhave corresponding holes on each side so that the upperspecimen mounting plate fits over the lower specimen mount-ing plate. The specimen holder components ar
46、e shown in Fig.2.6.2.1 The handle of the sample holder shall be made of orsurrounded by a material with a low thermal conductivity.6.2.2 The alignment posts shall be positioned such that theydo not interfere with the test specimen.6.3 Sensor AssemblyThe sensor assembly shall be com-posed of a water
47、cooled plate and a sensor holder.6.3.1 The water cooled plate is constructed from a 3.2 61-mm thick copper sheet with 3.2 6 1-mm outer diametercopper tubing soldered to the back side. The copper plate shallbe machined at its centerline to accept the data collectionsensor with a tolerance of +0.3 mm.
48、 The four corners of theplate shall be drilled to accept a countersunk screw.6.3.1.1 The copper tubing shall be looped back and forthacross the back side of the copper plate to provide a uniformtemperature across the surface of the copper plate.6.3.1.2 Water shall flow through the copper tubing at a
49、 rateof no less than 100 mL/min and the water shall have atemperature be 32.5 6 1C.6.3.2 DiscussionThe 32.5C temperature was set basedon the average surface temperature of the forearms of volun-teers as measured by Pennes (4).6.3.2.1 The exposed surface of water cooled plate shall bepainted with a thin coating of flat black high temperature spraypaint with an emissivity of 0.9 or greater. The painted water-cooled plate shall be dried before use and shall present auniformly applied coating (no visual thick spots or surfaceirregularities).(1) Information ab
