1、Designation: F2731 11F2731 18Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Transmitted and Stored Energy of FirefighterProtective Clothing Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2731; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides procedures for measuring uses one of two procedures to measure: (
3、1the combination of ) heatenergy, which can be directly transmitted through the multilayer structure without compressive force, that can result in predictedburn injury, or (2transmitted and stored energy that occurs in firefighter protective clothing material systems as the result ofexposure to prol
4、onged, relatively low levels of radiant heat.) heat energy directly transmitted through the multilayer structure,followed by applying a compressive force, which rapidly releases stored heat energy in the multilayer structure that can result ina predicted burn injury.1.1.1 This test method applies a
5、predetermined compressive load to a preheated specimen to simulate conductive heat transfer.1.1.1 This test method is not applicable only to protective clothing systems that are not flame resistant.suitable for exposure toheat and flames.1.1.2 DiscussionFlame resistance of the material system shall
6、be determined prior to testing according to the applicableperformance and/or specification standard or specification standard, or both, for the materials end-use.end use.1.2 This test method establishes procedures for moisture preconditioning of firefighter protective clothing material systems.1.3 T
7、he second-degree burn injury prediction used in this standard is based on a limited number of experiments on forearmsof human subjects.1.3.1 DiscussionThe length of exposures needed to generate a second-degree burn injury in this test method exceeds theexposuresexposure times found in the limited nu
8、mber of experiments on human forearms.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to English units or other units commonly used for thermal testing.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the properties o
9、f materials, products, or assemblies in response to radiantheat under controlled laboratory conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk firehazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 Th
10、is standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior t
11、o use. Specific precautionary information is found in Section 7.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendation
12、s issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile MaterialsD3776D3776/D3776M Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of FabricE691 Practic
13、e for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flame and Thermal.Current edition approved J
14、uly 1, 2011June 1, 2018. Published July 2011June 2018. Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 20102011 asF2731 - 10.F2731 11. DOI: 10.1520/F2731-11.10.1520/F2731-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service
15、astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Bec
16、auseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100
17、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF1930F193017 Test Method for Evaluation of Flame-Resistant Clothing for Protection Against Fire Simulations Using anInstrumented Manikin2.2 AATCC Test Methods:3AATCC 70 Te
18、st Method for Water Repellency: Tumble Jar Dynamic Absorption TestAATCC 135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering of Durable Press Woven or Knit Fabrics2.3 NFPA Standard:4NFPA 1971 Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting3. Terminology3.1 D
19、efinitions:3.1.1 break-open, nin testing thermal protective materials, a material response evidenceevidenced by the formation of a holein the test specimen.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe specimen is considered to exhibit break-open when a hole is produced as a result of the thermal exposure that is at least
20、3.2cm2 (0.25 in.2) in area or at least 2.5 cm 2.5 cm (1.0 in.) in any dimension. Single threads across the opening or hole do not reducethe size of the hole for purposes of this test method.3.1.2 charring, nthe formation a carbonaceous residue as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.
21、3 dripping, na material response evidenced by flowing of the polymer.3.1.4 embrittlement, nthe formation of brittle residue as a result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.5 heat flux, nthe thermal intensity indicated by the amount of energy transmitted per unit area and per unit time; kW/m2(c
22、al/cm2-s).3.1.6 ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.3.1.7 melting, nin testing thermal protective materials, a response evidenced by softening of the polymer.3.1.8 response to heat exposure, nin testing for the transmitted and stored energy of thermal protective materials, theobservable response
23、 of the textile to the energy exposure, as indicated by break-open, melting, dripping, charring, embrittlement,shrinkage, sticking, and ignition.3.1.8.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this test method, response to heat exposure also includes any non-textile reinforcement material used as partof the p
24、rotective clothing material system that is tested.3.1.9 second-degree burn injury, nreversible burn damage in the epidermis and upper layers of the dermis, resulting inblistering, severe pain, reddening, and swelling.3.1.10 shrinkage, na decrease in one or more dimensions of an object or material.3.
25、1.11 sticking, na response evidenced by softening and adherence of the material to other material.3.1.11.1 DiscussionFor the purpose of this test method, the observation of sticking applies to any material layer in the protective clothing materialsystem.3.1.12 stored energy, nin testing thermal prot
26、ective materials, thermal energy that remains in a fabric/composite after theheating source is removed.3.1.12.1 DiscussionThe stored energy measured by this standard only accounts for the energy released to the sensor after compressing. Stored energyis also lost to the compressor block and the surro
27、unding environment.3 Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.4 Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.F2731
28、 1823.1.13 thermal protective clothing system, nany combination of materials which, when used as a composite, can limit the rateof heat transfer to or from the wearer of the clothing.3.1.13.1 DiscussionThe rate at which this heat transfer occurs can vary depending on the materials.3.2 For definition
29、s of other terms used in this test method, refer to TerminologyTerminologies D123 and Terminology F1494.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Avertically positioned test specimen, representative of the lay-up in firefighter protective clothing, is exposed to a relativelylow level of radiant heat flux at 8.5
30、6 0.5 kW/m2 (0.2 6 0.012 cal/cm2-s) for a fixed period of time.4.2 During the time of radiant heat exposure, a data collection sensor, positioned 6.4 6 0.1 mm (0.25 6 0.004 in.) behind andparallel to the innermost surface of the test specimen, measures the heat energy transmitted through the test sp
31、ecimen.4.3 InUsing the same test apparatus, the test specimen is permitted to be compressed against the data collection sensor at apressure of 13.8 6 0.7 kPa (2.0 psi 6 0.1 psi) for a fixed period of time. This load could possibly simulate a firefighter leaningagainst a wall, squatting or sitting do
32、wn. This compression step occurs after the fixed radiant heat exposure time and after thespecimen is moved away from the heating source.4.3.1 This compressive force is intended to simulate a firefighter leaning against a wall, squatting, or sitting down in a mannerthat expels the insulating air laye
33、rs from the composite while drawing the clothing materials taut against the skin, and then causesthe transfer of the heat energy from the garment layers to the skin.4.4 During the time of compression against the data collection sensor, the data collection sensor continues to measure the heatenergy t
34、ransferred from the test specimen for a fixed duration of time.4.5 The total energy transmitted and stored by the test specimen is used to predict whether a second degree second-degree burninjury can be predicted. If a second-degree burn injury is predicted, the time to a second degree second-degree
35、 burn injury isreported.4.6 Two different sets of procedures are provided. In ProcedureA, an iterative method is used to determine the minimum lengthof the radiant heat exposure followed by a 60 second compression that will result in the prediction of a second degree burn injury.In Procedure B, test
36、ing is conducted at fixed radiant heat exposure and a 60-second compression period. The report for ProcedureB includes if a second degree burn injury has been predicted and if predicted, the time for a second degree burn injury.4.6 If a second degree burn injury is not predicted, the result is indic
37、ated as “no predicted burn.”This method uses two distinctprocedures.4.6.1 Procedure A uses a low-level radiant heat exposure, without compression, to predict the time to second-degree burn.4.6.2 Procedure B uses a low-level radiant heat exposure and a 60-s compression period to predict the time to s
38、econd-degreeburn.4.6.3 The report indicates the predicted time to second-degree burn.4.6.3.1 If a second-degree burn injury is not predicted, the result is indicated as “no predicted burn.”4.7 Appendix X1Test Method F193017 contains a general description of human burn injury, its calculation, and hi
39、storicalnotes.5. Significance and Use5.1 Firefighters are routinely exposed to radiant heat in the course of their fireground activities. In some cases, firefighters havereported burn injuries under clothing where there is no evidence of damage to the exterior or interior layers of the firefighterpr
40、otective clothing.5 Low levels of transmitted radiant energy alone, or a combination of the transmitted radiant energy and storedenergy released through compression, can be sufficient to cause these types of injuries. This test method was designed to measureboth the transmitted and stored energy in
41、firefighter protective clothing material systems under a specific set of laboratory exposureconditions.5.2 The intensity of radiant heat exposure used in this test method was chosen to be an approximate midpoint representativeof ordinary fireground conditions as defined for structural firefighting (
42、1), (2).6. The specific radiant heat exposure was selectedat 8.5 6 0.5 kW/m2 (0.20 6 0.012 cal/cm2-s)-s), since this level of radiant heat can be maintained by the test equipment andproduces little or no damage to most NFPA 1971 compliant NFPA 1971-compliant protective clothing systems.5 Development
43、“Development of a Test Method for Measuring Transmitted Heat and Stored Thermal Energy in Firefighter Turnouts,Turnouts,” final report presented toNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL) under Contract No. 200-2005-1241
44、1,April 29,2008.6 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.F2731 1835.2.1 Utech Discussion(2)Utech defined ordinary fireground conditions as having air temperatures ranging from 60 to300C300 C and having heat flux values ranging from 2.1 to 21.0 k
45、W/m2 (0.05 to 0.5 0.5 calcal/cmcm2-s).5.3 Protective clothing systems include the materials used in the composite structure. These include the outer shell, moisturebarrier, and thermal barrier. It is possible that they will also include other materials used on firefighter protective clothing such as
46、reinforcement layers, seams, pockets, flaps, hook and loop, straps, or reflective trim.5.4 The transmission and storage of heat energy in firefighter protective clothing is affected by several factors. These includethe effects of “wear”wear and “use”use conditions of the protective clothing system.
47、In this test method, conditioning proceduresare provided for the laundering of composite samples prior to testing, and also composite sample moisture preconditioning. Theamount of moisture added during preconditioning typically falls into a worst case worst-case amount in terms of predicted heattran
48、sfer, as suggested by Barker (3).5.5 Two different procedures for conducting the test are provided in this test method. ProcedureAinvolves an iterative approachto determine the minimum exposure time followed by a fixed 60-second compression time required to predict a second degree burninjury. measur
49、es only the transmitted energy that passes through the composite, without compression, during the exposure time.In this approach, the length of the radiant exposure is varied systematically using a series of tests to determine the length of theradiant exposure that will result likely to be sufficient in the prediction of a second degree second-degree burn injury. ProcedureB involves using a fixed radiant heat exposure time to determine if a second degree second-degree burn injury will or will not bepredicted. If a second degree second-degree burn i
