1、Designation: F 2732 09Standard Practice forDetermining the Temperature Ratings for Cold WeatherProtective Clothing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONManufacturers of cold weather protective clothing want consumers to be thermally comfortablewhen wearing their pro
3、ducts. Therefore, they want to indicate the amount of warmth (that is,insulation) their products will provide to consumers at the point of sale. This is often expressed as atemperature rating on product labels and in product descriptions in catalogs. A temperature rating iscommonly understood to mea
4、n the lowest air temperature at which the average adult person will havean acceptable level of thermal comfort when wearing the product. Although it is not always stated onlabels or in catalogs, manufacturers are assuming that consumers will wear the appropriate amount ofclothing with the cold weath
5、er garments.Heated manikins can be used to measure the thermal resistance (insulation) and evaporativeresistance of clothing ensembles in accordance with F 1291 and F 2370, respectively. The thermalinsulation value of a cold weather protective ensemble can be used in heat loss models to estimate the
6、thermal comfort of people in cold environments. This approach has already been used for sleepingbags (see EN 13537).1. Scope1.1 This standard practice covers the determination of thetemperature rating of cold weather protective clothing en-sembles. It involves measuring the insulation value of aclot
7、hing ensemble with a heated manikin in accordance withF 1291 and using a heat loss model to predict the lowestenvironmental temperature for comfort.1.2 The predictive model used in this standard estimates theevaporative heat loss from a person wearing cold weatherclothing as opposed to measuring the
8、 evaporative resistance ona sweating manikin. If a person is active and gets overheated ina cold environment, he/she can adjust the garments in order todissipate excess heat.1.3 The temperature ratings estimated by this standardpractice are guidelines for thermal comfort that are designed toprotect
9、people from hypothermia when wearing cold weatherprotective garments. However, localized cooling, discomfort,and even frostbite could still occur at extremely low tempera-tures because clothing insulation is not evenly distributed overthe body surface. In addition, some body parts (for example,ears,
10、 fingers, toes) have a high surface area relative to theirmass, and consequently lose heat at a faster rate than otherparts of the body.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to es
11、tablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulationof Clothing Using a Heated ManikinF 2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporativ
12、e Resis-tance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin2.2 Other Standards:3EN 13537 Requirements for Sleeping BagsANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Condi-tions for Human Occupancy1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is th
13、e direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on Human Factors.Current edition approved May 15, 2009. Published June 2009.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, ref
14、er to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Stat
15、es.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 clo, na unit of thermal resistance (insulation) equalto 0.155 K-m2/W.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe value of the clo was selected asroughly the insulation value of typical indoor clothing, whichshould keep a resting man (producing heat at the rate of 58W/m2) comfortable
16、 in an environment at 21C, air movement0.1 m/s.3.1.2 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worntogether on the body at the same time.3.1.3 temperature rating, nthe lowest environmental tem-perature at which a person can remain thermally neutral whilewearing a particular clothing ensemble.3.1.4 the
17、rmal comfort, nthat condition of mind whichexpresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and isassessed by subjective evaluation (see ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004).3.1.5 thermal insulation, nthe resistance to dry heattransfer by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.3.1.5.1 Discussionthe followi
18、ng insulation values can bedetermined with a thermal manikin using clo units:Ia= thermal resistance (insulation) of the air layer on thesurface of the nude manikin.It= total thermal resistance (insulation) of the clothingand surface air layer around the manikin.Icl= intrinsic thermal resistance (ins
19、ulation) of the cloth-ing.Total insulation values are measured directly with a manikin.Intrinsic clothing insulation values are determined by subtract-ing the air layer resistance around the clothed manikin from thetotal insulation value for the ensemble.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice can
20、be used to measure the insulationprovided by different cold weather clothing systems using aheated manikin (see F 1291) and to predict the temperaturerating for comfort using whole body heat loss models.4.1.1 The temperature rating is for an ensemblenot anindividual garment. However, manufacturers w
21、ant to label coldweather garments with a temperature rating to help consumersselect the product that will best meet their needs. Therefore, thestandard is limited to garments that cover a substantial amountof body surface area such as jackets, coats, and insulated pants,coveralls, or snow suits. The
22、 temperature ratings of head wear,footwear, and hand wear cannot be determined with thispractice.4.1.2 The temperature predictions determined by this stan-dard practice are for adults only. The physiology of children issignificantly different from that of adults, so a modified heatloss model would n
23、eed to be used to predict the comfort ofchildren wearing outdoor clothing.4.1.3 The temperature ratings determined by this standardpractice and listed on garment labels are only guidelines forcomfort and will be affected by the garments consumers wearwith them, their activity level during wear, and
24、individualdifferences in the physiological characteristics of people (forexample, gender, age, body mass, etc.).5. Calibration of Manikin5.1 ManikinUse a thermal manikin as described inF 1291.5.2 CalibrationCalibrate the manikin using the proce-dures in F 1291.5.2.1 The intrinsic clothing insulation
25、 value of the F 1291calibration ensemble (Icl) should be 0.79 clo, 610 % beforeproceeding with this method.6. Base Ensembles6.1 Cold weather garments are worn with other garments aspart of an ensemble. Therefore, they need to be tested that wayon the manikin in order to determine the temperature for
26、comfort. All cold weather jackets, coveralls, and jacket/pantsets (where the garments are designed to be worn together)shall be tested with a lightweight base ensemble that representsthe minimum amount of clothing that a reasonable personmight wear with the cold weather clothing (Base Ensemble#1). C
27、old weather pants shall be tested with a base jacket addedto the base ensemble (Base Ensemble #2). The size of thegarments shall be selected based on the measurements of themanikin.6.2 The garments used in Base Ensemble #1 are:6.2.1 ShirtLong-sleeve mock turtle neck shirt, interlockknit, 100 % cotto
28、n, 214 g/m2(6.3 oz/yd2); worn with shirttailover jeans.6.2.2 JeansDenim 5-pocket jeans, 100 % cotton 397g/m2(11.7 oz/yd2).6.2.3 Mens Underwear BriefsJersey knit briefs, 100 %cotton, 180 g/m2(5.3 oz/yd2); jockey style that fits snugly atthe waist and legs (from F 1291).6.2.4 Mens SocksBasic knit sock
29、 that covers foot andextends up the calf no more than 25.4 cm (10 in.) from thebottom of the heel. Socks must be composed of at least 75 %cotton and shall weigh 65 6 10 g each (from F 1291).6.2.5 Athletic ShoesFabric/soft leather and soft sole.6.2.6 Gloves or MittensInsulated knitted fleece gloves o
30、rmittens, 100% polyester, all layers 454 g/m2(13.4 oz/yd2);cuffs worn under jacket sleeves.6.2.7 HatKnitted fleece hat, 100 % polyester 129g/m2(3.8 oz/yd2); worn pulled down to eye brows.6.2.8 The intrinsic clothing insulation value (Icl) of BaseEnsemble #1 should be 0.80 clo, 610 %.6.2.8.1 The insu
31、lation value of the cold weather ensembleswould be higher (and the predicted temperature ratings lower)if a thicker base ensemble was used. However, many peoplewill not wear more clothing with the cold weather garments,and some people might not wear gloves, or a hat, or both.Consequently, this stand
32、ard practice is specifying a lightweightbase ensemble only. Other garments such as thermal underwearcould be substituted for the knit shirt and jeans as long as theintrinsic insulation value is 0.80 clo, 610 % and the head,hands, and feet are covered in the same way.6.3 The garments used in Base Ens
33、emble #2 are:6.3.1 All of the garments in Base Ensemble #1.F27320926.3.2 Aquilted fiberfill jacket, 100 % nylon shell and lining,100 % polyester fiberfill insulation, all layers 339 g/m2(10.0oz/yd2). The stow-away hood shall not be placed on the headduring the test; it should stay stowed in the coll
34、ar.6.3.3 The intrinsic clothing insulation value (Icl) of BaseEnsemble #2 should be 1.35 clo, 610 %.7. Sampling and Test Specimens7.1 SamplingIt is acceptable to test one sample (that is,specimen) of each garment type. However, there may bevariability in garments made of fiberfill or down insulation
35、s, soit is recommended to test two or three specimens and averagetheir insulation values prior to modeling.7.2 Specimen Size and FitSelect the size of garments thatwill fit the manikin appropriately (that is, the way the manu-facturer designed them to be worn on the human body duringtheir intended e
36、nd use).8. Manikin Procedure8.1 Environmental Test ConditionsThe test conditionsgiven below shall be standard for all tests unless otherwisestated.8.1.1 Air TemperatureThe air temperature shall be 5 to20C during a test. The air temperature shall be selected withinthat range so that a minimum heat fl
37、ux of 20 W/m2from themanikins segments is maintained and a skin temperature of35C on each segment is maintained. A temperature at the highend of the range will be needed for the nude test and the baseensemble test. An air temperature at the low end of the rangewill be needed for heavy cold weather e
38、nsembles.8.1.2 Air VelocityThe air velocity shall be 0.4 6 0.1 m/sduring a test.8.1.3 Relative HumidityThe relative humidity of the en-vironment has little effect on measurements of insulation understeady-state conditions; therefore, it does not need to becontrolled at a specific level. Relative hum
39、idity does have to bemonitored to make sure that it does not change more than 4 %during a test.8.2 Mean Skin Temperature of ManikinThe mean skintemperature shall be maintained at 35 6 0.2C during a 30 mintest.8.3 Nude TestMeasure the insulation (Ia) provided by theair layer surrounding the nude mani
40、kin by conducting a testusing the same environmental conditions and procedures givenfor the cold weather ensemble tests (see 8.5).8.4 Base Ensemble TestMeasure the total insulation (It)provided by Base Ensemble #1 (and Base Ensemble #2 if coldweather pants will be evaluated) by conducting a test usi
41、ng thesame environmental conditions and procedures given for thecold weather ensemble tests (see 8.5).8.5 Cold Weather Ensemble TestDress the standing mani-kin in Base Ensemble #1 or #2 and the cold weather garment(such as a jacket, coverall, or pants) or garments (such as awork jacket and pants set
42、) to be tested. Garments with a hoodshould be tested with the hood drawn up over the hat andtightened around the face. Position the manikin so that it ishanging vertically a few inches off the floor with its arms at itssides.8.5.1 Conduct the test in accordance with procedures givenin F 1291.8.5.2 R
43、eplication of TestsConduct three replications ofthe test, with at least 15 minutes in between test periods. Ifmore than one sample is available of each garment type, testeach separately one time.9. Insulation Calculations9.1 The parallel method of calculating the total thermalresistance (insulation)
44、 shall be used, where the area-weightedtemperatures of all body segments are summed and averaged,the power levels to all body segments are summed, and theareas are summed before the total resistance is calculated.Calculate the total thermal insulation of the clothing system (It)to the nearest 0.01 c
45、lo, using Eq 1: (6.45 is a units constant)It5 Ts Ta! A 6.45 / H (1)where:It= total thermal resistance (insulation) of the clothingensemble and surface air layer (clo),A = area of the manikins surface (m2),Ts= temperature at the manikin surface (C),Ta= temperature in the air flowing over the clothing
46、 (C),andH = power required to heat manikin (W).9.2 Determine the average total insulation value (It)oftheensemble by averaging the values from the three replications ofthe test.9.3 Determine the average intrinsic insulation value of theclothing alone (Icl) to the nearest 0.01 clo, using the mean Itv
47、alue and Eq 2:Icl5 It Ia/fcl! (2)where:Icl= intrinsic clothing insulation (clo),It= total thermal resistance (insulation) of the clothingensemble and surface air layer (clo),Ia= thermal resistance of the air layer on the surface of thenude manikin (clo), andfcl= clothing area factor (dimensionless).
48、9.3.1 Use the value of 1.25 for the fclof Base Ensemble #1.9.3.2 Use the value of 1.30 for the fclof Base Ensemble #2.9.3.3 Use the value of 1.35 for the fclof cold weatherclothing ensembles. The fclvalue for each ensemble can beestimated using a photographic method, but it is very timeconsuming. Th
49、erefore, an average value for cold weatherclothing ensembles is used here.9.4 Calculate the standardized total insulation value (It,s)ofthe cold weather clothing ensembles to the nearest 0.01 clo,using a standard air layer resistance of 0.5 clo in Eq 3:It,s5 Icl1 Ia,s/ fcl! (3)where:Icl= intrinsic clothing insulation (clo),It,s= standardized total thermal resistance (insulation) ofthe clothing ensemble and surface air layer (clo),Ia,s= standard thermal resistance of the air layer on thesurface of the nude manikin, 0.5 clo, andfcl= clothing
