1、Designation: F2752 09 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forTraining for Level I Rope Rescue (R1) RescuerEndorsement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2752; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with,and as an add-on to, Guide F2751 (or equivalent for otherenvir
3、onments), to address specific skills required for a rescuerwho participates in rope rescue as part of a larger rescue duty.1.1.1 Specifically, a Rope Rescue Endorsement is intendedto provide guidance whereby an endorsed rescuer (underqualified supervision) may assist and support basic rope rescuefun
4、ctions, including patient packaging, litter rigging, and basicrope rigging functions, in conjunction with other rescue duties.1.1.2 This guide establishes the minimum training standardfor an endorsed Level I Rope Rescuer as related to general,field, and rope rescue-specific knowledge and skills.1.1.
5、3 Endorsed Level I Rope Rescuers (LRT-R1) must workunder direct supervision of qualified rope rescue personnel.1.2 An endorsed LRT-R1 Rescuer rescues on the surface ofthe land only. This guide alone does not provide the minimumtraining requirements for rescuing in partially or fully col-lapsed struc
6、tures, in or on water, in confined spaces, orunderground (such as caves, mines, and tunnels).1.3 An endorsed LRT-R1 Rescuer is required to haveknowledge and skill sets pertaining to the basic roped evacu-ation and carryout components of rope rescue. Only basicknots, rigging, and other patient transp
7、ort skills are required ofan endorsed LRT-R1 Rescuer.1.4 Type II teams which may utilize personnel trained tothis guide are Kind A (wilderness), Kind B (urban), and KindC (mountainous).1.4.1 Further training may be required before an endorsedLRT-R1 Rescuer can actually participate on a particular ki
8、nd ofrope rescue team, depending on authority having jurisdictionregulations or policies.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practice
9、s and determine the applicabil-ity of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1490 Terminology Relating to Search and Rescue (With-drawn 2011)3F1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1768 Guide for Using Whistle Signals During Rope RescueOperationsF1993 Cla
10、ssification System of Human Search and RescueResources (Withdrawn 2014)3F2047 Practice for Workers Compensation Coverage ofEmergency Services VolunteersF2209 Guide for Training of Level I Land Search TeamMemberF2751 Guide for Training of Support Level Land RescueTeam Member (LRT-Support) Member3. Te
11、rminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, see Termi-nology F1490, Guide F1633, Classification F1993, PracticeF2047, and other references within this guide.3.2 Except where noted, this document shall use terminol-ogy as found in Guide F2751.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This St
12、andard:3.3.1 Rope Rescue Team, na group of individuals per-forming high angle rescue on steep to vertical terrain usingrope as a primary adjunct to safety.3.3.2 Rope Rescuer, Level I (LRT-R1 Rescuer), na mem-ber of a rope rescue team who, as a minimum, meets therequirements of this guide. These requ
13、irements define thebasic, entry, awareness, or similar level of land rope rescueknowledge and skills.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.02 on Management andOperations.Current edition approved March 1
14、, 2014. Published April 2014. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F2752 09. DOI:10.1520/F2752-09R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume info
15、rmation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 Th
16、is guide establishes a minimum standard for trainingRope Rescuers as it relates to their general, field, and roperescue specific knowledge and skills. A person trained to thisguide is an endorsed Level I Rope Rescuer (LRT-R1 Rescuer).4.1.1 Every person who is identified as an endorsed LRT-R1Rescuer
17、shall have met the requirements of this guide.4.1.2 This guide is only the first level of training for roperescue personnel and, in conjunction with Guide F2209, onlyestablishes the minimum knowledge and skills required for aperson to perform basic rope rescue of a subject. No otheradvanced skills a
18、re included or implied.4.1.3 In addition to meeting the requirements of this guide,an LRT-R1 Rescuer shall also be adequately trained in theenvironment in which he is expected to work (i.e., wilderness,urban, etc.)4.1.4 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from addingadditional requirements for it
19、s own members.4.2 Endorsement to Level I Rope Rescue (LRT-R1 Rescuer)is not an indication that personnel possess adequate field skillsor knowledge to make mission-critical decisions. These per-sonnel are qualified to work primarily in terrain with limitedexposure and hazard potential.4.3 This guide
20、by itself is not a complete training document.It is only an outline of the topics required for training orevaluating an endorsed LRT-R1 Rescuer. It may, however, beused in the development of, or as part of, a complete trainingdocument or program.4.3.1 This guide does not stand alone and must be used
21、 withthe referenced documents to provide the specific informationneeded by an endorsed LRT-R1 Rescuer or AHJ.4.4 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards,it does not imply that an endorsed LRT-R1 Rescuer is a“trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar term member of anAHJ. It is up to th
22、e AHJ to determine the requirements andqualifications for member ratings.4.5 Because technical rope rescue is inherently dangerousand Rope Rescuers are frequently required to perform rigorousactivities in adverse conditions, regional, and national safetystandards shall be included in agency policies
23、 and procedures.Rope Rescuers shall complete all activities in the safestpossible manner and shall follow national, federal, state,provincial, and local safety standards as they apply to the RopeRescuer.4.6 This guide can be used to evaluate a document todetermine if its content meets the necessary
24、topics for trainingan endorsed LRT-R1 Rescuer. Likewise, the guide can be usedto evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets therequirements of this guide.4.7 The knowledge and skills requirements in the followingsections are not presented in any particular order and do notrepresent a t
25、raining sequence.4.8 Except where a physical skill needs to be shown, it is upto the AHJ to determine the best way to evaluate a personsknowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam,demonstration, or by some combination of the three.5. General Knowledge and Skills5.1 General Requirements:5.1.1 A
26、s a prerequisite, LRT-R1 Rescuer shall possess sometraining, certification, or endorsement in the environment inwhich he is expected to work (urban, wilderness, mountainous,etc.).5.1.2 For Land Rescue Personnel, meeting the requirementsof Guide F2751 shall be considered sufficient for meeting thereq
27、uirements of 5.1.1.5.1.3 AHJ shall verify that endorsee possesses both attitudeand aptitude for working at height, e.g. comfort with limitedexposure, ability to move over the surface of terrain.5.2 Personal Equipment:5.2.1 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall possess and carry, as aminimum, sufficient Personal Prot
28、ective Equipment (PPE) andequipment to maintain personal safety while working on oraround a rope rescue. Suitability of equipment shall be verifiedby the AHJ to include but not be limited to:5.2.1.1 Head protection (helmet).5.2.1.2 Hand protection (gloves).5.2.1.3 Harness.5.2.1.4 Slings/lanyards (fo
29、r personal use).5.2.1.5 Ascending equipment.5.2.1.6 Eye protection (glasses/goggles/shield).5.2.1.7 Adequate clothing.5.2.1.8 Connectors (carabiners).5.2.1.9 Descending equipment.5.2.2 Additional rope rescue equipment necessary for anendorsed LRT-R1 Rescuer to safely participate on a roperescue vari
30、es by type of rope rescue, team assignment, season,environment, and terrain.5.2.3 An LRT-R1 Rescuer shall explain the reasons to carry,and explain or demonstrate the use of, all personal rope rescueequipment required by the AHJ.5.2.4 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall be able to inspect PPE andpersonal rope rescu
31、e equipment for the purpose of identifyingwear, damage, and operational readiness.5.2.5 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall demonstrate ability to exerciseappropriate maintenance procedures, including cleaning, aswell as maintenance of equipment logs and records.5.3 Team equipment:5.3.1 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall be fam
32、iliar with team roperescue equipment identified and commonly used by the AHJ.Such equipment may include, but not be limited to:5.3.1.1 Medical equipment.5.3.1.2 Patient packaging equipment.5.3.1.3 Ropes.5.3.1.4 Anchor slings.5.3.1.5 Rope grab devices.5.3.1.6 Litters.5.3.1.7 Communications equipment.
33、5.3.1.8 Lowering devices.5.3.1.9 Connectors and other hardware.5.3.2 An endorsed LRT-R1 Rescuer shall explain the rea-sons to carry, and explain or demonstrate the use of, all roperescue equipment required by the AHJ.F2752 09 (2014)25.3.3 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall be able to inspect team equip-ment for t
34、he purpose of identifying wear, damage and opera-tional readiness.5.3.4 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall demonstrate ability to exerciseappropriate maintenance procedures, including cleaning, aswell as maintenance of logs and records.5.4 Communications:5.4.1 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall be familiar and conversant inthe
35、 use of whistle signals as found in Guide F1768.6. Rope Rescue Concepts and Capabilities6.1 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall be able to explain how thefollowing basic concepts affect rope rescue:6.1.1 Loads and forces.6.1.2 Fall line.6.1.3 Friction.6.1.4 Secondary/backup systems.6.2 Rope Rescue Capabilities:6.2
36、.1 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall demonstrate ability to size up arope rescue incident.6.2.2 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall demonstrate ability to (based onsize-up information) determine type of rope rescue, the numberand location of victims, and assess resource needs.6.2.3 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall demonstrate ability to r
37、ecog-nize and manage potential site hazards.6.2.4 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall demonstrate ability to assessrisk-benefits of a rope rescue operation and mitigate reasonablypredictable types of rope rescuer and victim risk.6.2.5 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall demonstrate ability to identifyand discuss factors that aff
38、ect rope rescue efficiency, including(but not limited to):6.2.5.1 Accuracy.6.2.5.2 Speed.6.2.5.3 Available personnel.6.2.5.4 Terrain.6.2.5.5 Weather.6.2.5.6 Darkness.6.2.5.7 Rope rescuer condition.6.2.5.8 Subject condition.6.2.6 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall demonstrate ability to identifydifferent types of
39、patient transport devices (litters) appropriatefor steep and high angle use and discuss advantages/disadvantages of each.6.2.7 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall be able to safely and effectivelyperform independently in the normal operating environmentfor a period of at least 12 h.6.2.8 LRT-R1 Rescuer should be p
40、repared for rescue opera-tions conducted during the day or at night on terrain andseasonal conditions reasonably expected in the teams normalarea of operation.6.2.9 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall demonstrate ability to under-stand and make necessary adjustments for (including avoid-ance of) hazardous environm
41、ents.6.2.10 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall demonstrate ability to safelyand effectively perform rope rescue duties within an incidentmanagement system.6.2.11 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall be able to define common roperescue team functions including but not limited to:6.2.11.1 Raising/lowering system operator.6.2.11.2
42、Litter attendant.6.2.11.3 Safety.6.2.11.4 Belayer.6.2.11.5 Edge attendant.6.2.11.6 Team leader.6.3 Rope Rescue Techniques:6.3.1 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall demonstrate ability to locateand access a patient on low angle to steep terrain in normaloperating environment.6.3.2 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall demonstrate a
43、bility to deter-mine and maintain a point of access to subject on low angle tosteep terrain.6.3.3 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall demonstrate understanding ofconcepts and consequences of fall line in low angle to steepterrain.6.3.4 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall have basic knot tying skills,including ability to tie at l
44、east one of each of the followingtypes of knots/bends:6.3.4.1 End-loop around an object.6.3.4.2 A midline loop.6.3.4.3 Bend to join two ropes.6.3.5 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall understand basic anchoringconcepts, including:6.3.5.1 Selection of anchor materials.6.3.5.2 Strength, alignment, and limitation of
45、anchors.6.3.5.3 Proficiency in rigging single point anchors.6.3.5.4 Familiarity with multi-point anchors.6.3.6 LRT-R1 Rescuer shall have sufficient skills to partici-pate in low angle litter evacuation procedures, including:6.3.6.1 Main line rigging.6.3.6.2 Belay line rigging.6.3.6.3 Litter rigging.
46、6.3.6.4 Haul systems.7. Keywords7.1 Extrication; Rescue; Rope; SAR; Technical Rescue;USARF2752 09 (2014)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that
47、 determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapprov
48、ed or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you fee
49、l that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be
