1、Designation: F2852 10Standard Practice forTraining a Land Search Tracker1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2852; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes a standard of training to addressspecific skills required for a searcher who participates as aTracker in support of a land search effo
3、rt.1.1.1 This guide establishes a standard of knowledge for aTracker as related to general, field, and tracking-specificknowledge and skills.1.1.2 This guide identifies the performance requirements ofa Tracker who performs tracking of humans as it relatesprimarily to land search events, but might in
4、clude law enforce-ment investigation or military situations.1.2 A Tracker is required to have the knowledge and skillsets pertaining to basic tracking techniques and be familiarwith unique tracking terminology and the equipment com-monly used.1.3 A Tracker may be utilized in any of three commontrack
5、ing environment kinds described in Classification F1993:KindA(wilderness), Kind B (urban), Kind C (mountainous) orother kinds.1.4 This guide does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this guide to establish appropri
6、ate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryrequirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1767 Guide for Forms Used for Search and RescueF1993 Classification System of Human Search and RescueResourcesF22
7、09 Guide for Training of Level I Land Search TeamMember3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 Tracker, na person with specialized knowledge andtraining who can locate, identify, interpret, and systematicallyfollow evidence of passage of a specific person.3.1.2 sign, n
8、the physical evidence of the presence orpassage of a person or persons.3.1.3 tracking, vthe systematic and methodical identifica-tion of physical evidence which thereby allows someone tofollow a specific person.3.1.4 sign cutting, vthe systematic and regimented proce-dure utilized by Trackers to loc
9、ate and identify the physicalevidence of the passage of a specific person.3.1.5 response organization, na group, be it governmentalor nongovernmental, of which the Tracker is a member andunder whose auspices the Tracker operates in the field.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes the mini
10、mum standard for train-ing a Tracker as it relates to general, field, and tracking-specificknowledge and skills. A person trained to this guide, whodemonstrates the knowledge and skills required, may berecognized as a Tracker.4.1.1 A Tracker shall be adequately trained in the environ-ment in which h
11、e or she is expected to work.4.1.2 Nothing in this guide precludes a response organiza-tion or the Authority Having Jurisdiction from adding addi-tional requirements for its own members.4.2 Being trained as a Tracker is not an indication that aperson possesses adequate field skills or knowledge to m
12、akemission critical decisions.4.3 This guide is not a complete training or performancedocument. It is only an outline of the topics required fortraining or evaluating a Tracker. It may, however, be used in thedevelopment of, or as part of, a complete training document orprogram.4.3.1 This guide does
13、 not stand alone and must be used withthe referenced documents (1-19),3qualifying tracking trainingmaterials, and appropriate field training, under the supervisionof a qualified trainer, to provide the specific skills andknowledge needed by a Tracker.4.4 Though this guide establishes a basic trainin
14、g standard,it does not imply that a Tracker is a “trainee,” “probationary,”1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.02 on Management andOperations.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published January 2
15、011.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of r
16、eferences at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.or other similar team member designation of an organization. Itis up to the Authority Having Jurisdiction or response organi-zation to determine the
17、 requirements and qualifications formember designations.4.5 Because tracking could be performed in a dangerousarea and Trackers may be required to perform rigorousactivities in adverse conditions, safety and fitness standardsshall be included in a response organizations policies andprocedures. Track
18、ers shall determine if the task can be com-pleted safely with the personnel, equipment, and training athand.4.6 This guide may be used in conjunction with otherappropriate materials to evaluate training documents to deter-mine if their content meets the necessary topics for training orperformance of
19、 a Tracker. Likewise, this guide may be used toevaluate an existing training program to see if it meets therequirements of this guide.4.7 The requirements presented in the following sections arenot presented in any particular order and do not represent atraining sequence.4.8 Acomprehensive Tracker t
20、raining program shall includean evaluation process to determine the studentsability to meetthese training standards. Written and oral examinations de-signed to evaluate knowledge of theory, policy, and thepractices required by the response organization, which includethe requirements of this guide, m
21、ay be utilized. However, fieldor training ground exercises and demonstrations are necessaryto determine practical tracking knowledge or a developed skill.5. General Knowledge and Skills5.1 General Requirements:5.1.1 As a prerequisite a Tracker is expected to be a memberof a response organization and
22、 possess some training, certifi-cation, or endorsement in the environment in which he or sheis expected to work.5.1.2 For land search personnel, meeting the requirementsof Guide F2209 shall be considered sufficient for meeting therequirements of 5.1.1.5.1.3 The response organization shall determine
23、the mentaland physical preparedness of the Tracker to serve in the fieldusing such methods as are objective and consistent withdirection, if any, from the Authority Having Jurisdiction.5.2 Personal Equipment:5.2.1 A Tracker shall possess and carry, as a minimum,sufficient personal protective equipme
24、nt and equipment tomaintain personal safety while working at or around the landsearch assignment. Suitability of equipment shall be verified bythe response organization or Authority Having Jurisdiction. Asuggested equipment list can be found in Appendix X1.5.2.2 Additional specific equipment may be
25、necessary for aTracker to safely participate in assignments with specialcircumstances or a variety of conditions, seasons, environ-ments, and terrains.5.2.3 ATracker shall be able to explain the reasons to carry,or demonstrate the use of, or both, all personal equipmentrequired by the response organ
26、ization or Authority HavingJurisdiction.5.3 Team Equipment:5.3.1 A Tracker shall be familiar with tracking equipmentidentified and commonly used by the response organization orAuthority Having Jurisdiction.6. Specific Knowledge and Skills for Tracking6.1 Tracking Theory:6.1.1 ATracker shall explain
27、the significance, as it relates toany search and rescue mission, of the following examples:6.1.1.1 Verify that evidence supports initial information6.1.1.2 Establish a direction of travel6.1.1.3 Limit search area6.2 Tracking Procedure:(See Guide F1633)6.2.1 A Tracker shall know the basic techniques
28、for the“Step by Step” method. It is a process of identifying contigu-ous tracks or sign or both in succession and acknowledgingeach one, either as part of the learning process, or as aneffective tactic when required or as needed.6.2.2 A Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to identify anddescribe a
29、 track by:6.2.2.1 Measuring overall length, width of sole, width ofheel, length of heel, or if no heel is present, denote ameasurement to a visible feature.6.2.2.2 Determining the type, shape, and condition of thefootgear being worn.6.2.2.3 Drawing a picture of a track including all uniquemarks and
30、designs.6.2.3 A Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to set up atracking stick:6.2.3.1 Point of stick on forward heel strike, place markingover rear toe dig, second marking over rear heel strike.6.2.3.2 Length of foot between marks.6.2.3.3 Stride interval is the normal walking distance be-tween foo
31、tfalls shown from the point of stick to the first mark.6.2.4 ATracker shall demonstrate the ability to clearly marktracks and the direction of travel by:6.2.4.1 Placing indicators, a pin, powder, or other markingmaterial just behind heel mark to mark each track.6.2.4.2 Placing indicators above groun
32、d level occasionallyto clearly show the trend of the direction of travel.6.2.5 A Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to recognize,identify, and describe the following types of sign under actualconditions:6.2.5.1 Compressed AreasAreas of ground surface thatinclude loose debris and vegetation both l
33、iving and dead,surface moisture and all types of soil surfaces, compressed ina manner consistent with that of “human footfalls.”6.2.5.2 ShineThe light reflected from within the humanfootfall damage.6.2.5.3 FlaggingVegetation turned in a direction of travel.6.2.5.4 BruisingFootfall damage to vegetati
34、on, usuallyindicated by color variation contrasting with surrounding areaof same vegetation.6.2.5.5 WeepingThe natural exudation of vegetation flu-ids resulting from footfall damage.6.2.5.6 Dislodged or embedded objects moved or com-pressed by a footfall.F2852 1026.2.5.7 DisturbanceAny disturbance o
35、f the natural stateof ground surface, including: leaf litter, loose debris, and duff,probably caused by footfall movement.6.2.5.8 ScuffMark caused by footfalls contacting firmground indicating movement in a determinable direction oftravel.6.2.5.9 TransferAny substance inadvertently collected byfootg
36、ear in a footfall and deposited by succeeding footfalls.6.2.6 The Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to observeand explain “simple” sign aging characteristics and estimatethe time elapsed since the sign was left. The Tracker shallinclude all factors of vegetation damage, rain, sun, and othernatur
37、al effects.6.2.7 The Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to recognizeand explain footprint characteristics related to the manner andmovements of the sign maker.6.3 Tracking Technique:6.3.1 The Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to use atracking stick to find the next track when using the “Step-
38、by-Step” method.6.3.1.1 Place observed track between markings and let thepoint of the stick focus your eyes on the prime sign area of nexttrack6.3.1.2 Locate track evidence6.3.1.3 Mark track6.3.1.4 Move on6.3.2 The Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to utilize thesun angle or a light source to re
39、veal sign.6.3.3 The Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to functionin any position in a recommended three-person tracking team.6.3.3.1 Point person using a tracking stick to follow trackevidence.6.3.3.2 Right and left flankers, one step behind the pointperson, who assist the point person and watch
40、 for approachingsign from the sides.6.3.3.3 Rotate positions often.6.3.4 The Tracker shall explain the concept and significanceof “sign cutting” as follows:6.3.4.1 Utilizing natural and man-made barriers to locatehuman sign.6.3.4.2 Used in conjunction with multiple search or trackingteams to advance
41、 prime sign in an organized and regimentedmanner.6.3.4.3 Going to another location to detect sign or tracksbased on the probable movements of the search subject.6.4 The Tracker shall be able to complete documentsrequired by the response organization, chain of command, orAuthority Having Jurisdiction
42、. If no such documentation isprescribed, the Tracker may prepare an alternative reportformat as described in Appendix X2.APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. EQUIPMENT RECOMMENDED FOR TRACKING (See Guide F1767) Adequate clothing appropriate for weather and terrain A broad brimmed hat for protecti
43、on and to reduce glare Tracking stick with two rubber bands or “O” rings Measuring device (small tape measure) Notebook Tracking cards Writing instrument Flagging material (bio-degradable), pins, powder, or othertrack identification material Handheld flashlight which provides a soft diffuse yel-lowt
44、inted light without spots or circles Mirror (3” by 5”) CompassX2. DOCUMENTATION OUTLINEX2.1 A documentation outline where each point becomes asentence in your narrative report. This documentation isprimarily for a Tracker to use to improve the skill set and tocommunicate with other Trackers.1. Headi
45、ng Section:(a) Report writers name, address, telephone number, email(b) Date and time report is written(c) Incident or mission name or reference number(d) Date and time of incident(e) Incident subject name or names2. Preliminary Information Section:(a) Who made the call that initiated your response:
46、 name, position, andcontact telephone number(b) Brief narrative of information that generated the call out, includedates, places, and times(c) Description of incident given(d) Where and when you are requested to meet and with whom(e) Why they are requesting your assistance and your objective as aTra
47、cker resource(f) Any other preliminary contributing information3. Incident Arrival Section:(a) Time, date, and location of your arrival(b) To whom you reported to upon arrival(c) Confirm preliminary information for call out(d) Additional information, provided at the scene, and by whom, toinsure you
48、are fully informed and understand all available facts ofthe incidentF2852 103(e) Witness names and/or statements(f) Weather, soil, and other factors affecting tracking(g) Your objectives(h) Description of all sign evidence relative to this incident4. Narrative Description of Actions Taken and Decisi
49、ons Made:(a) Actions taken should correspond to previously included informa-tion(b) This section should include tracking definitions and a completedescription of sign evidence using terms and references related totracking factors(c) Does physical evidence found support information provided(d) Was PLS or LKP located, direction of travel, and explain with de-scription(e) Times, places, descriptions, who saw, who did, where it happened,why, conclusions, based on what you and fellow team memberssaw and did(f) List actions, locations, team member or assignment
