1、Designation: F2852 10F2852 17Standard Practice forTraining a Land Search Tracker1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2852; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes a standard of training to address specific skills required for a searcher who participates as a Trackerthe minimum training, i
3、ncluding knowledge, skills, and abilities, required for personnel operating as Trackers in support of a landsearch effort.1.1.1 This guide establishes a standard of knowledge for a Tracker as related to general, field, and tracking-specific knowledgeand skills.1.1.2 This guide identifies the perform
4、ance requirements of a Tracker who performs tracking of humans as it relates primarilyto land search events, but might include law enforcement investigation or military situations.1.2 ATracker Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, or abilities
5、to performany specific duties, including search and rescue operations, beyond those defined within this guide.1.3 A Tracker is required to have the knowledge and skill sets pertaining to basic tracking techniques and be familiar withunique tracking terminology and the equipment commonly used.tracks
6、on the surface of the land only, including urban or disasterareas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.1.4 This guide does not provide the minimum training requirements for tracking in partially or fully collapsed structures, inwater, in confined spaces, or underground (such a
7、s in caves, mines, and tunnels).1.5 A Tracker may be utilized in any of three common tracking environment kinds described Human land SAR resources thatmay utilize personnel trained to this guide are classified in Classification F1993: Kind A (wilderness), Kind B (urban), Kind C(mountainous) or other
8、 kinds1.5.1 Individuals trained to this guide are qualified to operate on teams or crews classified as Category Land Search of Kind Tracking.1.5.2 Further training may be required before Tracking Land Search personnel may participate on particular Category or Kindof SAR resource, depending on local
9、needs, regulations, or policies of the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).1.6 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility ofthe user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
10、applicability of regulatoryrequirements prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby
11、the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1633 Guide for Techniques in Land Search (Withdrawn 2017)3F1767 Guide for Forms Used for Search and RescueF1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering, Search and Rescue Equ
12、ipment and PracticesF1993 Classification System of Human Land Search and Rescue Resources1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search and Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel, Trainingand Education.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2
13、010Nov. 1, 2017. Published January 2011November 2017. Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 asF2852-10. DOI: 10.1520/F28521010.1520/F2852-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annu
14、al Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an in
15、dication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be
16、 considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F2209F3068 Guide for Training of Land Search Team MemberContents and Use of a Position Task Book (PTB)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to
17、 This Standard:3.1.1 Tracker,bruising, na person with specialized knowledge and training who can locate, identify, interpret, andsystematically follow evidence of passage of a specific person.footfall damage to vegetation, usually indicated by color variationcontrasting with surrounding area of same
18、 vegetation.3.1.2 flattening, na part of the surface of the ground compressed in a manner consistent with that of a human footfall. Acompressed area may include loose debris, vegetation living and dead, and surface moisture.3.1.3 disturbance, nany disturbance of the natural state of ground surface,
19、including leaf litter, loose debris, duff, dislodgedor embedded objects probably caused by footfall movement.3.1.4 flagging, nvegetation turned in a direction of travel.3.1.5 scuff, na mark caused by footfalls contacting firm ground indicating movement in a determinable direction of travel.3.1.6 shi
20、ne, nlight reflected from within the human footfall damage.3.1.7 sign, sign cutting, nvthe systematic and regimented procedure used to locate and identify the physical evidence of thepresence or passage of a specific person or persons.3.1.8 step by step method, na process of identifying contiguous t
21、racks, sign, or both in succession, and acknowledging eachone as first described by Albert Taylor, United States Border Patrol.3.1.9 step interval, nnormal walking distance between footfalls measuring between a toe dig and a heel strike.3.1.10 tracking, tracking or track, vthe systematic and methodi
22、cal identification of physical evidence which thereby allowssomeoneone to follow a specific person.person or persons.3.1.11 sign cutting, transfer, vnthe systematic and regimented procedure utilized by Trackers to locate and identify thephysical evidence of the passage of a specific person.any subst
23、ance inadvertently collected by footgear in a footfall and depositedby succeeding footfalls.3.1.12 response organization,unnatural marks, na group, be it governmental or nongovernmental, of which the Tracker is amember and under whose auspices the Tracker operates in the field.straight lines, curves
24、, parallel lines, or marks not related to thenatural world.3.1.13 weeping, nthe natural exudation of vegetation fluids resulting from footfall damage.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this guide see Guide F1633, Terminology F1773, Classification F1993, and otherreferences within.4. Signific
25、ance and Use4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities that a person must have to perform as a Tracker. Noother skills are included or implied.4.2 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training a Tracker as it relates to general, field, and tracking-specifickno
26、wledge and skills. A person trained to this guide, who demonstrates the knowledge and skills required, may be recognized asa Tracker.Every person who is identified as a Tracker shall have met the requirements of this guide.4.1.1 A Tracker shall be adequately trained in the environment in which he or
27、 she is expected to work.4.2.1 Nothing in this guide precludes a response organization or the Authority Having Jurisdiction the AHJ from addingadditional requirements for its own members.personnel.4.3 Being trained as a Tracker Training to this guide is not an indication that a person possesses adeq
28、uate field skills orknowledge to make mission critical decisions.4.3 This guide is not a complete training or performance document. It is only an outline of the topics required for training orevaluating a Tracker. It may, however, be used in the development of, or as part of, a complete training doc
29、ument or program.4.3.1 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents (1-19),4 qualifying tracking trainingmaterials, and appropriate field training, under the supervision of a qualified trainer, to provide the specific skills and knowledgeneeded by a Tracker.4.4 Thou
30、gh this guide establishes a basic training standard, it does not imply that a Tracker is a “trainee,” “probationary,” orother similar team member designation of an organization. It is up to the Authority Having Jurisdiction or response organizationto determine the requirements and qualifications for
31、 member designations.4.4.1 Determining the requirements and qualifications for a Tracker is the responsibility of the AHJ.4.5 Because tracking could be performed in a dangerous area and Trackers may be required to perform rigorous activities inadverse conditions, safety and fitness standards shall b
32、e included in a response organizations policies and procedures. TrackersF2852 172shall determine if the task can be completed safely with the personnel, equipment, and training at hand.This guide does not standalone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information n
33、eeded by a Tracker or AHJ.4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating Trackerendorsed personnel.4.7 This guide maycan be used in conjunction with other appropriate materials to evaluate training documents to evaluate a booko
34、r other document to determine if theirits content meetsincludes the necessary topicsinformation required for training orperformance of a Tracker. Likewise, this guide may be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets therequirements of this guide.4.8 The requirements presented
35、in the following sections knowledge, skills, and abilities defined in this guide are not presentedin any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.4.9 A comprehensive Tracker training program shall include an evaluation process to determine the students ability to meetthese training
36、standards.Written and oral examinations designed to evaluate knowledge of theory, policy, and the practices requiredby the response organization, which include the requirements of this guide, may be utilized. However, fieldshall document his orher training, as directed by the AHJ, which might includ
37、e the completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068ortraining ground exercises and demonstrations are necessary to determine practical tracking knowledge or a developed skill., or byfield demonstration under qualified supervision.4.9.1 Unless stated otherwise, an ability or proficie
38、ncy in a skill shall be demonstrated for initial qualification and then as oftenas required by the AHJ.4.9.2 Except where a physical skill or ability must be demonstrated, theAHJ shall determine the best way to evaluate a personsknowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, field demonstration,
39、 or by some combination of the three.5. General Knowledge and Skills5.1 To be endorsed as a Tracker, a Land Search Team Member must complete the National Incident Management System(NIMS) course IS-200, “ICS-200: ICS for Single Resources and Initial Action Incidents.”6. General Knowledge and SkillsEq
40、uipment6.1 General Requirements: A Tracker shall carry, as a minimum, the PPE for personal safety suitable for the normal area ofoperations.5.1.1 As a prerequisite a Tracker is expected to be a member of a response organization and possess some training, certification,or endorsement in the environme
41、nt in which he or she is expected to work.5.1.2 For land search personnel, meeting the requirements of Guide F2209 shall be considered sufficient for meeting therequirements of 5.1.1.5.1.3 The response organization shall determine the mental and physical preparedness of the Tracker to serve in the f
42、ield usingsuch methods as are objective and consistent with direction, if any, from the Authority Having Jurisdiction.6.2 A Tracker shall carry the equipment required for tracking in the field. A list of recommended equipment can be found inAppendix X1.6.3 Personal Equipment: A Tracker shall be able
43、 to explain the reasons to carry, and demonstrate the use of all trackingequipment required by the AHJ.5.2.1 A Tracker shall possess and carry, as a minimum, sufficient personal protective equipment and equipment to maintainpersonal safety while working at or around the land search assignment. Suita
44、bility of equipment shall be verified by the responseorganization or Authority Having Jurisdiction. A suggested equipment list can be found in Appendix X1.5.2.2 Additional specific equipment may be necessary for a Tracker to safely participate in assignments with specialcircumstances or a variety of
45、 conditions, seasons, environments, and terrains.5.2.3 ATracker shall be able to explain the reasons to carry, or demonstrate the use of, or both, all personal equipment requiredby the response organization or Authority Having Jurisdiction.5.3 Team Equipment:5.3.1 A Tracker shall be familiar with tr
46、acking equipment identified and commonly used by the response organization orAuthority Having Jurisdiction.7. Specific Knowledge and Skills for Tracking7.1 Tracking Theory: A Tracker shall explain the significance, as it relates to the mission, of the following:7.1.1 A Tracker shall explain the sign
47、ificance, as it relates to any search and rescue mission, of the following examples: Howtrack evidence supports initial information regarding the search subject;6.1.1.1 Verify that evidence supports initial information6.1.1.2 Establish a direction of travel6.1.1.3 Limit search areaF2852 1737.1.2 How
48、 establishing the direction of travel affects search efforts;7.1.3 How trackers can limit a search area.7.2 Tracking Procedure:(See GuideA Tracker shall F1633)demonstrate the ability to identify and describe a track as follows:6.2.1 ATracker shall know the basic techniques for the “Step by Step” met
49、hod. It is a process of identifying contiguous tracksor sign or both in succession and acknowledging each one, either as part of the learning process, or as an effective tactic whenrequired or as needed.7.2.1 A Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to identify and describe a track by:Measuring the overall length, width of sole,width of heel, length of heel, or if no heel is present, some other visible feature;6.2.2.1 Measuring overall length, width of sole, width of heel, length of heel, or if no heel is present, denote a measurementto a visible feature.6.2.2
