1、Designation: F2876 10Standard Practice forThermal Rating and Installation of Internal CombustionEngine Packages for use in Hazardous Locations in MarineApplications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2876; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the method of testing, rating andinstallatio
3、n of internal combustion engine packages for use inhazardous areas in marine applications. The thermal rating ofthe engine is determined by the actual readings of engine andexhaust system temperatures within hazardous areas, as de-fined by references in 2.2 and 2.3of this practice, or asdesignated b
4、y the authority having jurisdiction, or both. Thegoal of this practice is to thermally rate engine packages, andprovide additional installation recommendations, in order toreduce the risk of igniting the ignitable mixtures that may bepresent within the hazardous areas of marine vessels.1.2 Only a ma
5、rine engine suitable for the service, designedand constructed in conformance with the requirements of 3.1.2,is considered.1.3 The system of units in this practice shall be SI (metric)form, along with the standard (English) system equivalentplaced in parentheses, for example, 20C (68F).1.4 This stand
6、ard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AS
7、TM Standards:2F683 Practice for Selection and Application of ThermalInsulation for Piping and Machinery2.2 NFPA Standards:3NFPA 70 The National Electric Code (NEC), 20082.3 IEC Standards:4IEC 60092 Electrical installations in shipsPart 502:Tankers-Special features2.4 CFR:5CFR 46 United States Code o
8、f Federal Regulations, Title46, Shipping2.5 EN Standards:4EN 1834-1 Reciprocating internal combustion engines.Safety requirements for design and construction of en-gines for use in potentially explosive atmospheres.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 hazardous locationarea in which an explosive gasa
9、tmosphere is or may be expected to be present, in quantitiessuch as to require special precautions for the construction,installation and use of electrical apparatus and other potentialheat sources. These areas are defined by the authority havingjurisdiction, or in accordance with NFPA 70 (NEC) Artic
10、les500, 501 and 504; or NECArticles 500 and 505; or IEC 60092-502, or a combination thereof.3.1.2 marine enginea compression-ignition engine de-signed and constructed for operation in the marine environ-ment, regardless of horsepower, to the applicable standards orrules of a recognized classificatio
11、n society in Title 46, Code ofFederal Regulations, Part 8, or a comparable engine design andconstruction standard.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships andMarine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.07 onGeneral Requirements.Current editio
12、n approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. DOI:10.1520/F2876-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
13、 website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from U.S. Government Printing
14、Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 ignitable mixture a mixture of gas, such as naturalgas, o
15、r similar volatile hydrocarbon gas with normal air, thatwill propagate flame or explode when exposed to an ignitionsource.3.1.4 ignition temperature(explosive atmosphere)thelowest temperature at which an ignitable mixture may beignited.3.1.5 maximum surface temperaturethe highest tempera-ture attain
16、ed under the most severe operating conditions by anyequipment part or surface capable of igniting an ignitablemixture.4. Summary of Practice4.1 While there have been great improvements made in thesafety of electrical and electronic equipment utilized in haz-ardous locations, there has been little de
17、velopment concerningreducing the hazards associated with high temperature surfacesof internal combustion engines operating in the same hazard-ous locations. Several factors have significantly increased thetemperature of hot surfaces and exhaust gases of internalcombustion engines. Some of these fact
18、ors are performancerelated, while others have resulted from compliance with newenvironmental standards.4.2 This practice provides guidance for the temperaturerating of marine internal combustion engines based on thesurface temperature exposures within a hazardous location inthe marine environment.5.
19、 General Requirements5.1 The application of this practice will help reduce the riskof fire, or explosions, caused by ignitable gas mixtures comingin contact with the heated surfaces and hot exhaust gasesgenerated by compression ignition (diesel) engines used in, ornear, hazardous locations.5.2 Marin
20、e Engine Design and Construction Requirements:5.2.1 Special consideration should be given to engine ac-cessories such as pumps, fans, and starter motors such that theyare constructed of suitable materials and installed in ways thatwill minimize friction, heat and sparking.5.2.2 High pressure fuel pi
21、ping (greater than 100 bar, or1450 psi) installed between fuel pumps and injectors, shall bedouble jacketed in order to reduce the risk of fuel spray comingin contact with hot surfaces.5.2.3 Marine Engines and engine components shall beproperly bonded and grounded to the hull.5.2.4 The use of materi
22、als known to create, or store, staticelectricity shall be avoided.5.2.5 Fans and fans blades shall be constructed of conduc-tive, non-sparking materials.5.2.6 Drive belts shall be conductive and the pulleys, shaftsand driving equipment shall be grounded.5.2.7 For sealed, purged or pressurized engine
23、 enclosuresspecial considerations should be given to the use of lock outsthat will prevent the engine from starting when protectiveguards, insulated covers, or other attachments necessary tomaintain temperature control, are removed.5.2.8 Sealed, purged or pressurized engine enclosures shallbe design
24、ed to dampen the pressure of an internal explosionand shall be protected against over pressurization.5.2.9 Air ducts and exhaust gas piping to and from non-hazardous locations shall be gas tight within the hazardouslocation. EN 1834-1 should be consulted.5.2.10 Air ducts within the hazardous locatio
25、n shall be fittedwith flame arrestors, or other equipment designed and tested toperform the functions of a flame arrestor. EN 1834-1 should beconsulted.5.2.11 Exhaust systems shall be fitted with a spark arrestor,or other equipment designed and tested to perform the func-tions of a spark arrestor. E
26、N 1834-1 should be consulted.5.2.12 To help prevent unsafe operation, warning signs andlabels shall be used to indicate when necessary equipmentguards, or protective covers, are removed from the engine.5.2.13 The procedures outlined in EN 1834-1 should beconsulted for additional hazard and risk redu
27、ction.5.2.14 The procedures outlined in Practice F683 may beapplied if necessary in order to limit the exposed surfacetemperatures of piping and machinery.5.2.15 All electrical or electronic equipment associated withengine installations in hazardous locations shall be tested orapproved and listed or
28、 certified by an independent laboratoryfor the Class and Group of the cargo carried or the hazardouslocation to the standards and protection techniques specifiedunder NFPA 70 (NEC) Articles 500, 501 and 504; or NECArticles 500 and 505; or IEC 60092-502 and acceptable to theauthority having jurisdict
29、ion.6. Procedure for Rating6.1 The testing required in Section 7 shall be used todetermine the highest temperature exposure of the engineapplication package. The highest temperature obtained, basedon the most severe test operating and environmental (includinghigh ambient air temperature) conditions,
30、 will be the tempera-ture used for determining the rating of the engine.6.2 The determination of an appropriate marine enginetemperature rating for installation in a hazardous location isbased upon the lowest ignition temperature of the cargo thevessel is authorized to carry, or the lowest ignition
31、temperatureof the engine fuel being used, whichever is lower, and thehighest temperature exposure within the hazardous location ofany part of the marine engine package as determined in 6.1.The temperature of engine surfaces, auxiliary components andexhaust system gases that may contact the cargo vap
32、or must bemaintained below the engine rating temperature and, specifi-cally, more than 10C (18F) below the lowest ignitiontemperature of any cargo that the vessel is certified to transport.6.3 Engines for hazardous locations shall be given a desig-nated temperature rating from T1 through T6 based on
33、 Table 1.For example: a marine engine designated T3 shall have noTABLE 1 Engine Temperature Classification and RatingEngine Temperature Rating Engine Rating TemperatureT1 # 450C (842F)T2 # 300C (572F)T3 # 200C (392F)T4 # 135C (278F)T5 # 100C (212F)T6 # 85C (185F)F2876 102exposed surfaces, components
34、 or exhaust piping with a tem-perature greater than 200C (392F) that may contact anyignitable mixture of gas and air within the hazardous area.7. Testing and Certification7.1 Manufacturers and modifiers of marine engines for usein hazardous locations shall certify, through testing, the abilityof the
35、 engine and protective systems to maintain exposedtemperatures below the marine certified temperature (T) rating.7.2 Certification testing of the engine package and hazard-ous location protective systems shall be conducted for aminimum of two hours at 90 % of rated power. This test maybe conducted a
36、s part of or in conjunction with other requiredoperational tests or certifications.7.3 Temperature measurements shall be taken using a reli-able, calibrated means of measurement such as thermal imag-ing, or standard laboratory temperature measuring equipment.7.4 Prior to taking measurements of the m
37、arine enginesurface temperatures, the engine will be brought first to normalcoolant operating temperature and then to a steady state load asspecified in 7.2.7.5 Temperature measurement shall be taken at a minimumof eight different locations on the engine, or engine enclosure,at the load specified in
38、 7.2. When an enclosure is not utilized,at least half of the readings shall be taken from the turbo-charger and compressor discharge (if installed) and differentpoints along the exhaust system. Readings shall be taken fromthe exhaust gas outlet if it is designed to discharge into thehazardous area.
39、The location of other temperature readinglocations shall be based on the engine design.7.6 Temperature readings shall be recorded every 15 min-utes in each location.7.7 Any modification to the engine package that could resultin an increase of temperature exposure within the hazardousarea will requir
40、e re-certification of the modified engine pack-age.7.8 Upon installation each engine package will be tested toassure the newly installed engine is in compliance with themarine engines certified temperature (T) rating.8. Hazards8.1 Compliance with company-defined laboratory safetypractices and applic
41、able occupational safety standards shall bemaintained.9. Documentation9.1 Marine engines manufactured, or modified, for installa-tion in hazardous locations must be labeled with a nameplate orpermanent marking to indicate their temperature rating indegrees as follows:Meets ASTM F2876Engine temperatu
42、re rating _ Maximum surface temperature_degrees (C or F).9.2 An operations and maintenance manual shall be pro-vided with each engine package manufactured, or modified, forinstallation in hazardous locations. The operations and main-tenance manual shall include, but is not limited to the follow-ing:
43、9.2.1 Documentation that describes the tests used for deter-mining the engines temperature rating in accordance with thisPractice.9.2.2 A periodic maintenance plan that includes the keymaintenance and testing requirements for maintaining theengines temperature rating during and following routinemain
44、tenance.9.2.3 The required configuration to ensure the engine pack-age meets the installation requirements as defined by themanufacturer, or modifier.10. Post-Installation and Maintenance TestingRequirements10.1 The engine shall be installed and maintained in thesame configuration as it was tested a
45、nd rated.10.2 Each hazardous location engine package installationshall be checked periodically, in accordance with the opera-tions and maintenance manual, but no less than annually, toensure that temperatures are being maintained at or belowlimits. In particular, careful checks shall be made followi
46、ngsignificant maintenance or repair where critical insulation mayhave been removed or damaged.11. Keywords11.1 diesel engine; hazardous location; shipsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Use
47、rs of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every
48、 five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technic
49、al committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM
