1、Designation: F2890 12Standard Guide forHazard Awareness for Search and Rescue Personnel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2890; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONRecognition of hazards associated with search and rescue operations is critical to the decision-making process as it relates to personal safet
3、y, the urgency of response, and resource requirements.This guide is intended to ensure that emergency personnel responding to incidents outside their normaloperating area are aware of the hazards associated with response to unfamiliar environments.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended for training thos
4、e who normallywork in natural environments, solely subject to terrain andweather-related risks, who may be asked to respond to, or whomay encounter, the operations defined in 1.2.1.2 This guide identifies and describes hazardous situationsand environments, and the associated risks affecting search a
5、ndrescue personnel who may be working on or around thefollowing:1.2.1 Landsearch;1.2.2 Land rescue;1.2.3 Structural collapse;1.2.4 Rope rescues;1.2.5 Confined spaces;1.2.6 Water, both still and moving; and1.2.7 Trench or excavation collapse.1.3 The knowledge conveyed in this guide is intended toenab
6、le search and rescue (SAR) personnel to recognize situa-tions that may require skills or capabilities they have not beentrained to perform. This understanding will allow them to seekmore knowledgeable personnel to mitigate the hazard andperform such rescues or other activities required to completeth
7、eir mission.1.4 This guide is not intended to suggest that all search andrescue personnel must have the training identified within it.However, wherever the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ)deems this training to be appropriate, this document can beused as a guide.1.5 The AHJ shall determine what l
8、evel of training consti-tutes sufficient competence for search and rescue personnel toenter areas, or carry out missions, which include the hazardsdescribed in this guide.1.6 This guide identifies some of the known disciplines ofSAR and their associated hazards. It does not, however,attempt to list
9、all hazards or risks of which a person must beaware to operate safely and effectively in and around any of theareas listed in 1.1 or in Appendix X1.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this st
10、andard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Acronyms:2.1.1 AHJAuthority Having Jurisdiction2.1.2 ASTMAmerican Society for Testing and Materials2.1.3 PPEPersonal Protective Equipment2.1.4 SARSea
11、rch and Rescue2.2 Definitions:2.2.1 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ), ntheorganization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing therequirements of a code or standard, or approving equipment,materials, an installation, or a procedure.2.2.2 awareness-level knowledge, nthe ability to recog-n
12、ize the following associated with a situation or environment:(a) Whether search and/or rescue is necessary;(b) Hazards and personal risks;(c) Recognition of the need for specific PPE;(d) Additional knowledge, skills, or abilities to function safely and effectively; and(e) Other resources needed to s
13、afely and effectively perform a mission oroperation.2.2.3 personal protective equipment (PPE), nclothing andapparatus that reduces or limits a persons vulnerability toenvironmental hazards.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct respons
14、ibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012. Published October 2012. DOI: 10.1520/F289012Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Significance and Use3.1 This gui
15、de establishes the minimum level of trainingrequired to provide awareness-level knowledge for personneloperating in and around the areas and operations listed in 1.1.3.2 This guide may be used by individuals and AHJs thatwish to identify the minimum training standards for land-basedpersonnel operati
16、ng in and around these areas and operations.3.3 A person trained to this guide is considered to be awareof the hazards and risks associated with these areas andoperations.3.4 A person trained solely to this guide is not considered a“searcher” or “rescuer,” or both.3.5 This guide may be used to augme
17、nt other training for asearcher or rescuer, or both.3.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is onlyan outline of some of the topics required for training orevaluating a searcher and/or rescuer, although it can be used todevelop a training document or program.3.7 It is the responsibil
18、ity of the AHJ to determine the depthor detail of training needed to meet its training requirements.3.8 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from addingadditional requirements.3.9 This guide does not stand alone but must be used withthe reference documents to provide the specific minimumtraining n
19、eeded by a ground searcher and/or rescuer operatingin these areas.3.10 This guide can be used as a reference for training ofsearchers or rescuers, or both.3.11 The information presented in the following sections isnot in any particular order and does not represent a trainingsequence.3.12 It is the r
20、esponsibility of the AHJ to determine theevaluation process to assess a persons knowledge. This maybe by written exam, oral exam, demonstration, or some othermeans specified by the AHJ.4. General SAR Operations4.1 Personnel shall be trained to recognize visible andpotential hazards or environments a
21、ssociated with a SARincident. Such hazards or environments may include, but arenot limited to:4.1.1 Any environmental/weather conditions which fall out-side the normal operating environment of the AHJ;4.1.2 Terrain considerations such as high angle or movingwater;4.1.3 Natural phenomena;4.1.4 Atmosp
22、heres that are immediately deadly or hazard-ous;4.1.5 Spaces that require special equipment or skills such asconfined spaces, mines or tunnels, or trenches;4.1.6 Lack or loss of infrastructure (that is, no power, water,and/or equipment);4.1.7 Industrial accidents or conditions resulting in addi-tion
23、al environmental hazards (that is, damaged containers,marked or unmarked, that may contain materials hazardous tolife);4.1.8 Animals that may injure or harm;4.1.9 Actions and effects of people (that is, devices that mayinjure or kill SAR personnel);4.1.10 Illicitly discarded hazardous materials; and
24、4.1.11 Collapsed or unstable manmade materials;4.2 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the appropriatePPE selections for eyes, face, head, extremities, and respiratorytract based on the environmental conditions and task to becompleted.4.3 Personnel shall have an understanding of how andwhere to
25、report potential hazard(s).4.4 Personnel shall be trained to recognize when a hazardpresents a risk that exceeds their training or PPE, or both.4.5 Personnel shall be trained to recognize when there is aneed for specialized resources (including mutual aid) at theoutset of a SAR operation and notify
26、search management whenthese conditions are present. Specialized resources mayinclude, but are not limited to:4.5.1 Rescue teams specific to the incident or environment,or both;4.5.2 Material support from local businesses such as lumbersuppliers, engineers, or architects; and4.5.3 Local businesses pr
27、oviding assembly productionservices, such as construction, demolition, sanitation, andheavy equipment operators.4.5.4 Specialized resources may be obtained from local,municipal, tribal, state, or federal agencies.4.6 Personnel shall be trained to describe, identify, andcommunicate relevant informati
28、on to search management forthe activation of emergency response systems.5. Incident-Specific Knowledge and Skills5.1 Structural Collapse:5.1.1 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the additionalhazards associated with a structural collapse incident. Thesemay include the following:5.1.1.1 Potentia
29、l for secondary collapse;5.1.1.2 Potential for fire or explosion;5.1.1.3 Exposure to respiratory contaminants or asphyxi-ants;5.1.1.4 Hazardous material spills; and5.1.1.5 Risk of electrocution.5.2 Rope Rescue:5.2.1 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the additionalhazards associated with a rope
30、 rescue incident. These mayinclude the following:5.2.1.1 Fall hazards;5.2.1.2 Falling objects;5.2.1.3 Tripping hazards; and5.2.1.4 Unnecessary personnel in the general area of therope rescue incident.5.3 Confined Space:F2890 1225.3.1 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the additionalhazards asso
31、ciated with a confined space incident. These mayinclude the following:5.3.1.1 Risk of asphyxiation;5.3.1.2 Respiratory contaminants;5.3.1.3 Psychological effects;5.3.1.4 Explosive atmosphere;5.3.1.5 Chemical contaminants; and5.3.1.6 Temperature extremes.5.4 Water-Related Incidents:5.4.1 Personnel sh
32、all be trained to recognize the additionalhazards associated with a water rescue incident. These mayinclude the following:5.4.1.1 Risk of drowning;5.4.1.2 Risk of hypothermia;5.4.1.3 Currents;5.4.1.4 Electrocution due to damaged utilities;5.4.1.5 Contamination of water;5.4.1.6 Confined spaces in or
33、around the water; and5.4.1.7 Unsafe shoreline conditions such as undercut banks,slippery ground, or hazardous debris.5.5 Trench or Excavation Collapse:5.5.1 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the additionalhazards associated with a trench or excavation collapse inci-dent. These may include the
34、following:5.5.1.1 Risk of primary or secondary collapse;5.5.1.2 The effects of soil and debris weight on the sceneand/or subject(s);5.5.1.3 Risk of electrocution;5.5.1.4 Hazardous materials, including gas or liquid leaks;and5.5.1.5 Unsafe conditions around the trench or excavation,such as undercut s
35、ides, slippery ground, or tripping hazards.6. Keywords6.1 awareness; hazards; search and rescue; SAR; training;urban search and rescue; USX1.1.1.2 Land rescue;X1.1.1.3 Ground SAR;X1.1.1.4 Structural collapse/urban SAR;X1.1.1.5 Rope rescues;X1.1.1.6 Confined space SAR;X1.1.1.7 Dive operations, includ
36、ing in/around confinedspaces and underground areas such as caves;X1.1.1.8 Animal evacuations and rescues;X1.1.1.9 Terrain considerations, including but not limitedto:(1) Surface angle;(2) Elevation variations;(3) Ground conditions (for example, marshy or slippery);and(4) Amount or type of ground cov
37、er.X1.1.1.10 Hazardous materials SAR;X1.1.1.11 WMD and bio-terrorism; andX1.1.1.12 Other environments not defined.X1.1.2 Such environments and/or weather conditions thatmay require specialized training, equipment, or abilities tooperate in, may include but are not limited to, the following:X1.1.2.1
38、Underground SAR, including but not limited to:(1) Caves; and(2) Mines, active and inactive/abandoned.X1.1.2.2 Water SAR, including but not limited to:(1) Swift- and flood-water;(2) Surface/still water;(3) Surface ice;(4) Surf and/or ocean;(5) Swamp;(6) Canyoneering;(7) Extremes of precipitation, win
39、d, or temperature;(8) Storms;(9) Lack of visibility;(10) Natural phenomena, including but not limited to:(a) Tornadoes;(b) Hurricanes;(c) Landslide, mud, and debris flows;(d) Tsunamis;(e) Volcanoes; and(f) Avalanches.(11) Aircraft crash/aircraft SAR;(12) Bridge SAR;(13) Elevated crane SAR;(14) Eleva
40、ted train/subway SAR;(15) Elevator and escalator SAR;(16) Farm and industrial machinery SAR;(17) Industrial site SAR;(18) Arborist-related rescue;(19) Power line/utility tower rescue;(20) Scaffolding collapse rescue;(21) Shipboard SAR;(22) Storage silo SAR;F2890 123(23) Train/light rail rescue;(24)
41、Tram/gondola/ski lift rescue;(25) Trench and excavation rescue;(26) Tunnel SAR;(27) Utility vault/switching station SAR;(28) Well/cistern SAR;(29) Wildland fire operations or working environment;(30) Winery tank SAR;(31) Lack of or loss of infrastructure, including, but notlimited to:(a) Food or wat
42、er supply;(b) Power supply;(c) Communications;(d) Transportation; and(e) Medical care.(32) Industrial accidents or conditions resulting in addi-tional environmental hazards including, but not limited to:(a) Radiation exposure;(b) Electrocution risk;(c) Hazardous materials; and(d) Atmospheric contami
43、nants.X1.1.2.3 Actions and effects of people, including:(1) Those involved in the incident;(2) Those responding to the incident;(3) Those who may wish to take advantage of the incident;(4) Bystanders;(5) Those otherwise unrelated to the incident; and(6) Other incident-specific hazards, environments,
44、 or con-ditions not listed in this Appendix.X1.2 Structural collapse incidents pose additional hazardsincluding, but not limited to:X1.2.1 Secondary collapse;X1.2.2 Respiratory risks;X1.2.3 Hazardous materials spills;X1.2.4 Fire or explosion;X1.2.5 Electrocution; andX1.2.6 Recognition and possible n
45、on-entry retrieval of vic-tims.X1.3 Rope rescue incidents pose additional hazardsincluding, but not limited to:X1.3.1 Fall hazards;X1.3.2 Falling objects;X1.3.3 Tripping hazards;X1.3.4 Lack of appropriate PPE; andX1.3.5 Recognition and possible non-technical retrieval ofvictims.X1.4 Confined space i
46、ncidents pose additional hazardsincluding, but not limited to:X1.4.1 Respiratory contaminants and air displacement (lackof breathable oxygen);X1.4.2 Asphyxiation;X1.4.3 Psychological effects;X1.4.4 Explosive atmosphere;X1.4.5 Chemical contaminants and carcinogens, includingoff gassing of standing wa
47、ter/liquid and decomposing organicmaterials;X1.4.6 Temperature extremes;X1.4.7 False floors and other structural instability;X1.4.8 Smoke, fire, and explosion potential;X1.4.9 Sudden rain/water runoff flooding into the space;X1.4.10 Injured, volatile animals (for example, bats orsnakes);X1.4.11 Reco
48、gnition and possible non-entry retrieval ofvictims;X1.4.12 Electrocution; andX1.4.13 Recognition and possible non-entry retrieval ofvictims.X1.5 Water related incidents pose additional hazardsincluding, but not limited to:X1.5.1 Drowning;X1.5.2 Debilitating hypothermia;X1.5.3 Water currents and flow
49、s;X1.5.4 Electrical and other utilities;X1.5.5 Contamination of water: waterborne diseases andhazardous chemicals;X1.5.6 Confined spaces in or around the water, includingmanholes and water grates;X1.5.7 Blunt trauma from floating or partially/completelysubmerged objects in water;X1.5.8 Floating propane/fuel tanks and ruptures;X1.5.9 False (collapsed) submerged riverbed and roadwaybottoms;X1.5.10 Strainers and sieves;X1.5.11 Undercut banks, slippery ground, hazardous debris,collapse of shore, or fall from shore into water; andX1.5.12 Recognition and possible non-entry retriev
