1、Designation: F2890 12F2890 17Standard Guide forHazard Awareness for Search and Rescue Personnel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2890; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONRecognition of hazards associated with search and rescue operations is critical to the decision-making process as it relates to person
3、al safety, the urgency of response, and resource requirements.This guide is intended to ensure that emergency personnel responding to incidents outside their normaloperating area are aware of the hazards associated with response to unfamiliar environments.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended for train
4、ing those who normally work in natural environments, solely subject to terrain andweather-related risks, who may be asked to respond to, or who may encounter, the operations defined in 1.2.1.2 This guide identifies and describes hazardous situations and environments, and the associated risks affecti
5、ng search andrescue personnel who may be working on or around the following:1.2.1 Landsearch;1.2.2 Land rescue;1.2.3 Structural collapse;1.2.4 Rope rescues;1.2.5 Confined spaces;1.2.6 Water, both still and moving; and1.2.7 Trench or excavation collapse.1.3 The knowledge conveyed in this guide is int
6、ended to enable search and rescue (SAR) personnel to recognize situations thatmay require skills or capabilities they have not been trained to perform. This understanding will allow them to seek moreknowledgeable personnel to mitigate the hazard and perform such rescues or other activities required
7、to complete their mission.1.4 This guide is not intended to suggest that all search and rescue personnel must have the training identified within it.However, wherever the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) deems this training to be appropriate, this document can be used asa guide.1.5 The AHJ shall
8、determine what level of training constitutes sufficient competence for search and rescue personnel to enterareas, or carry out missions, which include the hazards described in this guide.1.6 This guide identifies some of the known disciplines of SAR and their associated hazards. It does not, however
9、, attempt tolist all hazards or risks of which a person must be aware to operate safely and effectively in and around any of the areas listed in1.1 or in Appendix X1.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof
10、the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on
11、 Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 This test method guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search and Rescue and is the direct responsibility of S
12、ubcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012Dec. 1, 2017. Published October 2012January 2018. Originally approved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2012 asF289012. DOI: 10.1520/F28901210.1520/F289017.This document is not an ASTM standard and
13、is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only th
14、e current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountai
15、neering, Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF2209 Guide for Training of Land Search Team Member3. Terminology3.1 Acronyms:3.1.1 AHJAuthority Having Jurisdiction3.1.2 ASTMAmerican Society for Testing and Materials3.1.3 PPEPersonal Protective Equipment3.1.4 SARSearch and Rescue3.2 Definitions:3.
16、2.1 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ), nthe organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirementsof a code or standard, or approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.2.2.2 awareness-level knowledge, nthe ability to recognize the following associated wi
17、th a situation or environment:(a) Whether search and/or rescue is necessary;(b) Hazards and personal risks;(c) Recognition of the need for specific PPE;(d) Additional knowledge, skills, or abilities to function safely and effectively; and(e) Other resources needed to safely and effectively perform a
18、 mission or operation.3.2.2 personal protective equipment (PPE), nclothing and apparatus that reduces or limits a persons vulnerability toenvironmental hazards.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes the minimum level of training required to provide awareness-level knowledge for personnel
19、operatingin and around the areas and operations listed in 1.1.4.2 This guide may be used by individuals and AHJs that wish to identify the minimum training standards for land-basedpersonnel operating in and around these areas and operations.4.3 A person trained to this guide is considered to be awar
20、e of the hazards and risks associated with these areas and operations.4.4 A person trained solely to this guide is not considered a “searcher” or “searcher,” “rescuer,” or both.4.5 This guide may be used to augment other training for a searcher or rescuer, or both.and/or rescuer.4.6 This guide by it
21、self is not a training document. It is only an outline of some of the topics required for training or evaluatinga searcher and/or rescuer, although it can be used to develop a training document or program.4.7 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the depth or detail of training needed to
22、meet its training requirements.4.8 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements.4.9 This guide does not stand alone but must be used with the reference documents to provide the specific minimum trainingneeded by a ground searcher and/or rescuer operating in these areas.
23、4.10 This guide can be used as a reference for training of searchers or searchers, rescuers, or both.4.11 The information presented in the following sections is not in any particular order and does not represent a trainingsequence.4.12 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the evaluation
24、process to assess a persons knowledge. This may be bywritten exam, oral exam, demonstration, or some other means specified by the AHJ.5. General SAR Operations5.1 Personnel shall be trained to recognize visible and potential hazards or environments associated with a SAR incident. Suchhazards or envi
25、ronments may include, but are not limited to:5.1.1 Any environmental/weather conditions which fall outside the normal operating environment of the AHJ;5.1.2 Terrain considerations such as high angle or moving water;5.1.3 Natural phenomena;5.1.4 Atmospheres that are immediately deadly or hazardous;2
26、For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.F2890 1725.1.5 Spaces that require special equipment or skills
27、such as confined spaces, mines or tunnels, or trenches;5.1.6 Lack or loss of infrastructure (that is, no power, water, and/or equipment);5.1.7 Industrial accidents or conditions resulting in additional environmental hazards (that is, damaged containers, marked orunmarked, that may contain materials
28、hazardous to life);5.1.8 Animals that may injure or harm;5.1.9 Actions and effects of people (that is, devices that may injure or kill SAR personnel);5.1.10 Illicitly discarded hazardous materials; and5.1.11 Collapsed or unstable manmade materials;5.2 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the appr
29、opriate PPE selections for eyes, face, head, extremities, and respiratory tractbased on the environmental conditions and task to be completed.5.3 Personnel shall have an understanding of how and where to report potential hazard(s).5.4 Personnel shall be trained to recognize when a hazard presents a
30、risk that exceeds their training or PPE, or both.5.5 Personnel shall be trained to recognize when there is a need for specialized resources (including mutual aid) at the outsetof a SAR operation and notify search management when these conditions are present. Specialized resources may include, but ar
31、enot limited to:5.5.1 Rescue teams specific to the incident or environment, or both;5.5.2 Material support from local businesses such as lumber suppliers, engineers, or architects; and5.5.3 Local businesses providing assembly production services, such as construction, demolition, sanitation, and hea
32、vyequipment operators.5.5.4 Specialized resources may be obtained from local, municipal, tribal, state, or federal agencies.5.6 Personnel shall be trained to describe, identify, and communicate relevant information to search management for theactivation of emergency response systems.6. Incident-Spec
33、ific Knowledge and Skills6.1 Structural Collapse:6.1.1 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the additional hazards associated with a structural collapse incident. These mayinclude the following:6.1.1.1 Potential for secondary collapse;6.1.1.2 Potential for fire or explosion;6.1.1.3 Exposure to re
34、spiratory contaminants or asphyxiants;6.1.1.4 Hazardous material spills; and6.1.1.5 Risk of electrocution.6.2 Rope Rescue:6.2.1 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the additional hazards associated with a rope rescue incident. These may includethe following:6.2.1.1 Fall hazards;6.2.1.2 Falling o
35、bjects;6.2.1.3 Tripping hazards; and6.2.1.4 Unnecessary personnel in the general area of the rope rescue incident.6.3 Confined Space:6.3.1 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the additional hazards associated with a confined space incident.These may includethe following:6.3.1.1 Risk of asphyxiat
36、ion;6.3.1.2 Respiratory contaminants;6.3.1.3 Psychological effects;6.3.1.4 Explosive atmosphere;6.3.1.5 Chemical contaminants; and6.3.1.6 Temperature extremes.6.4 Water-Related Incidents:6.4.1 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the additional hazards associated with a water rescue incident. The
37、se may includethe following:6.4.1.1 Risk of drowning;6.4.1.2 Risk of hypothermia;6.4.1.3 Currents;6.4.1.4 Electrocution due to damaged utilities;6.4.1.5 Contamination of water;F2890 1736.4.1.6 Confined spaces in or around the water; and6.4.1.7 Unsafe shoreline conditions such as undercut banks, slip
38、pery ground, or hazardous debris.6.5 Trench or Excavation Collapse:6.5.1 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the additional hazards associated with a trench or excavation collapse incident.These may include the following:6.5.1.1 Risk of primary or secondary collapse;6.5.1.2 The effects of soil a
39、nd debris weight on the scene and/or subject(s);6.5.1.3 Risk of electrocution;6.5.1.4 Hazardous materials, including gas or liquid leaks; and6.5.1.5 Unsafe conditions around the trench or excavation, such as undercut sides, slippery ground, or tripping hazards.7. Keywords7.1 awareness; hazards; sear
40、ch and rescue; SAR; training; urban search and rescue; USX1.1.1.2 Land rescue;X1.1.1.3 Ground SAR;X1.1.1.4 Structural collapse/urban SAR;X1.1.1.5 Rope rescues;X1.1.1.6 Confined space SAR;X1.1.1.7 Dive operations, including in/around confined spaces and underground areas such as caves;X1.1.1.8 Animal
41、 evacuations and rescues;X1.1.1.9 Terrain considerations, including but not limited to:(1) Surface angle;(2) Elevation variations;(3) Ground conditions (for example, marshy or slippery); and(4) Amount or type of ground cover.X1.1.1.10 Hazardous materials SAR;X1.1.1.11 WMD and bio-terrorism; andX1.1.
42、1.12 Other environments not defined.X1.1.2 Such environments and/or weather conditions that may require specialized training, equipment, or abilities to operate in,may include but are not limited to, the following:F2890 174X1.1.2.1 Underground SAR, including but not limited to:(1) Caves; and(2) Mine
43、s, active and inactive/abandoned.X1.1.2.2 Water SAR, including but not limited to:(1) Swift- and flood-water;(2) Surface/still water;(3) Surface ice;(4) Surf and/or ocean;(5) Swamp;(6) Canyoneering;(7) Extremes of precipitation, wind, or temperature;(8) Storms;(9) Lack of visibility;(10) Natural phe
44、nomena, including but not limited to:(a) Tornadoes;(b) Hurricanes;(c) Landslide, mud, and debris flows;(d) Tsunamis;(e) Volcanoes; and(f) Avalanches.(11) Aircraft crash/aircraft SAR;(12) Bridge SAR;(13) Elevated crane SAR;(14) Elevated train/subway SAR;(15) Elevator and escalator SAR;(16) Farm and i
45、ndustrial machinery SAR;(17) Industrial site SAR;(18) Arborist-related rescue;(19) Power line/utility tower rescue;(20) Scaffolding collapse rescue;(21) Shipboard SAR;(22) Storage silo SAR;(23) Train/light rail rescue;(24) Tram/gondola/ski lift rescue;(25) Trench and excavation rescue;(26) Tunnel SA
46、R;(27) Utility vault/switching station SAR;(28) Well/cistern SAR;(29) Wildland fire operations or working environment;(30) Winery tank SAR;(31) Lack of or loss of infrastructure, including, but not limited to:(a) Food or water supply;(b) Power supply;(c) Communications;(d) Transportation; and(e) Med
47、ical care.(32) Industrial accidents or conditions resulting in additional environmental hazards including, but not limited to:(a) Radiation exposure;(b) Electrocution risk;(c) Hazardous materials; and(d) Atmospheric contaminants.X1.1.2.3 Actions and effects of people, including:(1) Those involved in
48、 the incident;(2) Those responding to the incident;F2890 175(3) Those who may wish to take advantage of the incident;(4) Bystanders;(5) Those otherwise unrelated to the incident; and(6) Other incident-specific hazards, environments, or conditions not listed in this Appendix.X1.2 Structural collapse
49、incidents pose additional hazards including, but not limited to:X1.2.1 Secondary collapse;X1.2.2 Respiratory risks;X1.2.3 Hazardous materials spills;X1.2.4 Fire or explosion;X1.2.5 Electrocution; andX1.2.6 Recognition and possible non-entry retrieval of victims.X1.3 Rope rescue incidents pose additional hazards including, but not limited to:X1.3.1 Fall hazards;X1.3.2 Falling objects;X1.3.3 Tripping hazards;X1.3.4 Lack of appropriate PPE; andX1.3.5 Recognition and possible non-technical retrieval of victims.X1.4 Confined space incidents pose additional hazards inclu
