1、Designation: F2908 18Standard Specification forUnmanned Aircraft Flight Manual (UFM) for an UnmannedAircraft System (UAS)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2908; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification provides the minimum requirementsfor an Unmanned Aircraft Flight Manual (UFM) for anunman
3、ned aircraft system (UAS) designed, manufactured, andoperated in the light UAS category as defined by a CivilAviation Authority (CAA). Depending on the size and com-plexity of the UAS, an UFM may also contain the instructionfor maintenance and continuing airworthiness for owner /operator authorized
4、maintenance.1.2 This specification defines the UFM information thatshall be provided by the manufacturer of a UAS as part of theinitial sale or transfer to an end user.1.3 This specification applies to a UAS seeking a CAAapproval, in the form of airworthiness certificates, typecertificates, flight p
5、ermits, or other like documentation as aUAS, in the configuration specified in the UFM delivered withthe system.1.4 Any modifications that invalidate or otherwise affect theaccuracy of UFM operating instructions shall be approved bythe manufacturer and communicated to the regulatory authorityin the
6、certificate / permit application.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade
7、Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2909 Practice for Maintenance and Continued Airworthi-ness of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)F2910 Specification for Design and Construction of a SmallUnmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)F2911 Pract
8、ice for Production Acceptance of Small Un-manned Aircraft System (sUAS)F3002 Specification for Design of the Command and Con-trol System for Small UnmannedAircraft Systems (sUAS)F3003 Specification for Quality Assurance of a Small Un-manned Aircraft System (sUAS)F3005 Specification for Batteries for
9、 Use in Small Un-manned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)F3298 Specification for Design, Construction, and Verifica-tion of Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 applicant/proponent, nthe person or organizationresponsible for seeking the approval to operate and operatin
10、g aUA. The applicant/proponent may be one of the followingentities: Manufacturer, operator, or original equipment manu-facturer.3.1.1.1 manufacturer, nthe person or organization whocauses production of a product or article. A manufacturer mayalso be an operator.3.1.1.2 operator, nthe person or organ
11、ization that appliesfor CAA approval to operate a UAS or who seeks operationalapproval for types of flight operations prohibited by a CAA forthat UAS.3.1.1.3 original equipment manufacturer, nthe person ororganization who first produced that product or article. AnOEM may also be an operator.3.1.2 ba
12、sic empty weight (BEW), nbasic empty weightincludes the standard empty weight plus optional and specialequipment that has been installed in the unmanned aircraft.3.1.3 field maintenance, ninspections and repairs made byowners/operators at a remote operating location away fromtheir normal maintenance
13、 facility/provider.3.1.4 flight training supplement (FTS), nadditional infor-mation provided by the UAS manufacturer to provide instruc-tion in the proper operation of the system.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F38 onUnmannedAircraft Systems and is the direct responsi
14、bility of Subcommittee F38.03on Personnel Training, Qualification and Certification.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F2908 16. DOI:10.1520/F2908-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM web
15、site, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United Stat
16、esThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Tra
17、de (TBT) Committee.13.1.5 landing area, nthe total area defined by the manu-facturer needed to recover and bring the UAS to a completestop from a height of 50 feet above the surface.3.1.6 light unmanned aircraft systems, nunmanned air-craft that are approved for operation under the authority of aCAA
18、 (for example, UAS approved to operate by the FederalAviation Administration (FAA) under 14 CFR Part 107, UASapproved to operate by European Aviation Safety Agency(EASA) as Open and Specific Category UA, and UAS ap-proved to operate by CASA as Small, Medium, or Large RPA,or combinations thereof).3.1
19、.7 manufacturer, nentity responsible for assembly andintegration of components and subsystems to create a safeoperating UAS.3.1.8 maximum takeoff weight, nthe maximum allowableweight for takeoff (including payload).3.1.9 minimum operating crew (MOC), nthe minimumoperating crew includes the pilot in
20、command, a visualobserver (if one is required) and any other required crewmember in order to safely operate a specific UAS whichincludes the make, model, and control station specific to thatunmanned aircraft.3.1.10 model number, na manufacturer-issued uniqueidentifying number or code assigned to eac
21、h manufactured typeof aircraft having the same structural design, components, andstandard configuration.3.1.11 pre-flight planning, nan activity conducted by thepilot and his/her flight crew prior to takeoff to ensure that theflight will be conducted safely and in accordance with allapplicable stand
22、ards and regulations. The activity includes, butis not limited to, such things as checking weather, route offlight, airspace, equipment configuration, support personnel,terrain, and communications requirements.3.1.12 shall vs. should vs. may, vuse of the word “shall”implies that a procedure or state
23、ment is mandatory and must befollowed to comply with this standard, “should” impliesrecommended, and “may” implies optional at the discretion ofthe supplier, manufacturer, or operator. Since “shall” state-ments are requirements, they include sufficient detail needed todefine compliance (for example,
24、 threshold values, testmethods, oversight, reference to other standards). “Should”statements are provided as guidance towards the overall goal ofimproving safety, and could include only subjective statements.“Should” statements also represent parameters that could beused in safety evaluations, and c
25、ould lead to development offuture requirements. “May” statements are provided to clarifyacceptability of a specific item or practice, and offer options forsatisfying requirements.3.1.13 small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS),ncomposed of the small unmanned aircraft (sUA) and allrequired on-board subs
26、ystems, payload, control station, otherrequired off-board subsystems, any required launch and recov-ery equipment, and command and control (C2) links betweenthe sUA and the control station.3.1.13.1 DiscussionFor purposes of this standard sUAS issynonymous with the term small Remotely Piloted Aircraf
27、tSystem (sRPAS) and sUA is synonymous with the term smallRemotely Piloted Aircraft (sRPA).3.1.13.2 DiscussionUnless otherwise specified by a CAA,the term “sUAS” applies only to UAthat have a maximum takeoff gross weight of 55 lb/25 kg or less.3.1.14 takeoff area, nthe total area defined by the manu-
28、facturer needed to launch the UAS to a point where the aircraftis 35 feet above the takeoff surface.3.2 Acronyms:3.2.1 AGLabove ground level3.2.2 BEWbasic empty weight3.2.3 EASAEuropean Aviation Safety Agency3.2.4 FAAFederal Aviation Administration3.2.5 IASindicated airspeed3.2.6 MOCminimum operatin
29、g crew3.2.7 MSLmean sea level3.2.8 UFMunmanned aircraft flight manual4. Applicability4.1 The purpose of the UFM is to provide guidance toowners, operators, mechanics, pilots, crew members, airports,regulatory officials, and aircraft and component manufacturerscontaining normal, abnormal, and emergen
30、cy procedures,checklists, limitations, performance information, details of theaircraft systems and other material relevant to the operation ofthe aircraft.4.2 For sUAS of a certain size and simplicity, the UFM mayalso cover instruction for maintenance and continued airwor-thiness for the minor maint
31、enance, repair, and alteration ofsUAS as provided for in section 7.10 of this standard.4.3 During the design and flight testing of a UAS themanufacturer shall identify and record those items that arerequired to be included in the UFM as prescribed in thisstandard.4.4 Sections 6 and 7 of this standar
32、d serve as templates formanufacturers to structure their UFM.4.5 This standard is written for all UAS that are permitted tooperate over a defined area and in airspace authorized by aCAA. It is assumed that a pilot, operator, or visual observer(s)will provide for the sense and avoid requirement to av
33、oidcollisions with other aircraft and that the maximum range andaltitude at which the UAS can be flown at will be specified bythe CAA.5. General Requirements5.1 The UFM shall provide information in the followingareas for a specific model of UAS:5.1.1 System description.5.1.2 Operating characteristic
34、s.5.1.3 Performance and limitations.5.1.4 Normal, abnormal, and emergency operating proce-dures.5.1.5 Installed controls, indicators, equipment, and accesso-ries. This information shall be included through one of thefollowing methods:F2908 1825.1.5.1 Instructions for maintenance and continuing airwo
35、r-thiness.5.1.5.2 Referencing separate component manufacturer pro-vided instructions or manuals.5.1.5.3 Any combination of 5.1.5.1 and 5.1.5.2.5.2 The UFM technical content shall be consistent with thedata developed in accordance with Practice F2909 and Speci-fications F2910, F3005, and F3002.5.3 Th
36、e UFM shall be structured in accordance with Section6 of this standard.5.4 The UFM content shall be in accordance with Section 7of this standard.5.5 All revisions, omissions, errors, changes, or updates tothe UFM shall be tracked and distributed to all UAS owners ofrecord in accordance with the qual
37、ity assurance requirementsof Specification F3003.5.6 The UFM shall present a style, format, and appearancein accordance with accepted government or industry bestpractices for human readable technical manuals (for example,MIL-STD-3001 “Preparation of Digital Technical Informationfor Multi-Output Pres
38、entation of Technical Manuals”).Additionally, if the UFM is provided in electronic format, itshall conform to common industry or government best prac-tices for readability, indexing, navigation, scrolling and print-ing.5.7 All measurements shall be consistent with the equip-ment and instrumentation
39、installed in the UAS.5.8 Flight altitudes shall be barometric altitudes referencedeither to MSL or AGL (barometric AGL is barometric altitudemeasured at the ground location of operation subtracted fromthe barometric altitude in flight).5.9 Due to the wide variety in size, weight, and systemcomplexit
40、y of UAS, not all items will apply to all systems.Optional items are marked by (O). Components required forthe safe operation of the UAS may not be identified as optional(O) in the UFM. All other items are considered mandatory forinclusion. However, if a manufacturer wishes to exclude amandatory ite
41、m, a statement of justification shall be included inthe UFM.6. Structure6.1 Title.6.2 Record of manual revisions (tabular format).6.3 (O) Table of contents.6.4 (O) Introduction.6.5 No. 1 General information and system description.6.6 No. 2 Performance and limitations.6.7 No. 3 Normal procedures.6.8
42、No. 4 Emergency procedures.6.9 No. 5 Weight and balance, and equipment list.6.10 No. 6 Instructions for handling, servicing, field orpreventative maintenance, and instructions for continued air-worthiness.6.11 No. 7 Supplements.7. Content7.1 Title PageThe UFM cover shall provide the followinginforma
43、tion (decorative covers are allowed as long as thisinformation is provided on the cover):7.1.1 Publication number,7.1.2 The words Unmanned Aircraft Flight Manual,7.1.3 System name,7.1.4 Model number, and7.1.5 Date (show the date of issue).7.2 Record of Manual Revisions:7.2.1 This section shall provi
44、de a form on which the ownercan note all updates and changes to the UFM.7.2.2 The following statement: “This document was devel-oped following the process, content and structure defined inASTM Specification F2908.”7.3 Table of ContentsThis section should provide themajor headings, paragraphs, and pa
45、ge numbers to assist theowner in finding information in the UFM.7.4 IntroductionThis section should provide the followinginformation:7.4.1 A list of the standards used for the design andconstruction, and reference compliance with this standard,7.4.2 The name and contact information of the manufactur
46、erof the UAS, and7.4.3 Data, location, and contact information for recovery offlying permits and other documentation, should the manufac-turer lose its ability to support the make and model.7.5 No. 1 General Information and System Description:7.5.1 Introduction.7.5.2 Aircraft:7.5.2.1 Airframe,(1) (O
47、) 3-view drawing,7.5.2.2 Flight control surfaces,7.5.2.3 Engine / propulsion, propellers, and rotors,7.5.2.4 Avionics,(1) Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) (that is, flightcomputer),(2) Communications equipment, and(3) (O) Other avionics to include transponder, recordingdevice, video processing
48、, antenna, etc.7.5.3 Control station:7.5.3.1 Information displays (aircraft health and status,navigation, payload, etc.),7.5.3.2 User interfaces (for example, keyboards, trackballs,joysticks, etc.), and7.5.3.3 (O) Interoperability between control station andmultiple aircraft types.7.5.4 Command and
49、control (C2) link:7.5.4.1 Frequencies (Optional if ITAR), and7.5.4.2 Power / range (Optional if ITAR).7.5.5 Launch and/or recovery equipment if applicable.7.5.6 Ground operational area set up:7.5.6.1 Area plan and diagram for on or off airport areas,andF2908 1837.5.6.2 Security of cockpit (GCS type, closed or open air) orflight crew positions (visual observers, launch and recoverycrew), or both, for personnel responsible for direct support offlight operations.7.6 No. 2 Performance and LimitationsThe followingdetailed information s
