1、Designation: F2921 111Standard Terminology forAdditive ManufacturingCoordinate Systems and TestMethodologies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2921; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEReferences ISO 527 and ISO 6892 were added editorially in August 2012.1. Scope1.1 This terminology includes terms, definitions o
3、f terms,descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associatedwith coordinate systems and testing methodologies for additivemanufacturing (AM) technologies in an effort to standardizeterminology used by AM users, producers, researchers,educators, press/media, and others, particularly when repo
4、rtingresults from testing of parts made on AM systems. Termsincluded cover definitions for machines/systems and theircoordinate systems plus the location and orientation of parts. Itis intended, where possible, to be compliant with ISO 841 andto clarify the specific adaptation of those principles to
5、 additivemanufacturing.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
6、 to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsE8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-terialsF2792 Terminology for Additive ManufacturingTechnologies,2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 841 Industrial Automation Systems and IntegrationNumerica
7、l Control of MachinesCoordinate System andMotion NomenclatureISO 527 Plastics Determination of tensile propertiesISO 6892 Metallic materials Tensile testing Part 1:Method of test at room temperature3. Significance and Use3.1 Although many additive manufacturing systems arebased heavily upon the prin
8、ciples of Computer NumericalControl (CNC), the coordinate systems and nomenclaturespecific to CNC are not sufficient to be applicable across thefull spectrum of additive manufacturing equipment. This ter-minology expands upon the principles of ISO 841 and appliesthem specifically to additive manufac
9、turing. Although thisterminology is intended to complement ISO 841, if thereshould arise any conflict, this terminology shall have priorityfor additive manufacturing applications. For any issues notcovered in this terminology, the principles in ISO 841 may beapplied.3.2 Furthermore, this terminology
10、 does not prescribe the useof any specific existing testing methodologies or standards thatpractitioners of AM may wish to employ for testing purposes;however, it is expected that practitioners will employ appro-priate existing methodologies and standards to test parts madeby AM.4. Terminology4.1 De
11、finitionsDefinitions shall be in accordance withTerminology F2792 and the following:1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 onAdditive Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee F42.01 on Test Methods.Current edition approved July 15, 2011.
12、 Published September 2011. DOI:10.1520/F292111E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available
13、from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Terms and DefinitionsAM Machines and their Coordinate Systemsbuild pla
14、tform, nof a machine, any base which provides asurface upon which the build is started and supportedthroughout the build process (see A1.1).DISCUSSIONThe machine build platform may be solid or perforatedand made from a wide variety of materials and constructions.DISCUSSIONIn some systems the parts a
15、re built attached to the buildplatform, either directly or through a support structure. In othersystems, such as powder bed systems, no direct mechanical fixturebetween the build and the platform may be required.build surface, narea where material is added, normally onthe last deposited layer which
16、becomes the foundation uponwhich the next layer is formed.DISCUSSIONFor the first layer the build surface is often the buildplatform.DISCUSSION If the orientation of the material deposition or consoli-dation means, or both, is variable, it may be defined relative to the buildsurface (for example, a
17、blown powder head may be kept normal to it.See also Z axis discussion).front, nof a machine, shall be designated by the machinebuilder.DISCUSSIONGenerally, this is the side of the machine that theoperator faces to access the user interface or primary viewing window,or both. (See A1.1).machine coordi
18、nate system, na three-dimensional Carte-sian coordinate system as defined by a fixed point on thebuild platform “with the three principal axes labeled X, Y,and Z , with rotary axes about each of theses axes labeled A,B, and C , respectively” (see A1.1, A1.2, and A1.3) as statedin ISO 841.origin, na
19、designated reference point at which the threeprimary axes in a Cartesian coordinate system intersect.Synonyms: zero point, or (0, 0, 0) when using X, Y, and Zcoordinates.build volume origin, nshall be located at the center of thebuild platform fixed on the build facing surface.DISCUSSIONThis is a un
20、iversal origin reserved for the purpose ofidentifying the location of parts within the build volume. (See A1.1 andA1.2).machine origin, norigin as defined by the original equip-ment manufacturer. Synonyms: machine home, machine zeropoint.Z axis, nof a machine, for processes employing planarlayerwise
21、 addition of material, shall run normal to the layers.(See A1.1 and A1.2.)DISCUSSIONFor processes employing planar layerwise addition ofmaterial, the positive Z shall be the direction from the first layer to thesubsequent layers (see A1.1 and A1.2).DISCUSSIONWhere addition of material is possible fr
22、om multipledirections (such as with blown powder systems), the Z axis may beidentified according to the principles in ISO 841 (section 4.3.3) whichaddresses “swiveling or gimballing.”X axis, nof a machine, shall run perpendicular to the Z axisand parallel to the front of the machine. (See A1.1 and A
23、1.2.)DISCUSSIONWhere possible, the X axis shall be horizontal andparallel with one of the edges of the build platform.DISCUSSIONThe positive X direction shall be from left to right asviewed from the front of the machine while facing toward the buildvolume origin.Y axis, nof a machine, shall run perp
24、endicular to the Z andX axes with positive direction defined to make a right handset of coordinates as specified in ISO 841.DISCUSSIONWhere possible, the Y axis shall be horizontal andparallel with one of the edges of the build platform.DISCUSSIONIn the most common case of an upwards Z positivedirec
25、tion, the positive Y direction shall be from the front to the back ofthe machine as viewed from the front of the machine (see A1.1).DISCUSSIONIn the case of building in the downwards Z positivedirection the positive Y direction shall be from the back of the machineto the front as viewed from the fro
26、nt of the machine (see A1.2).Terms and DefinitionsLocation and Orientation of Parts Within the Build Volumearbitrarily oriented minimum bounding box, nof a part,the minimum perimeter cuboid that can span the maximumextents of the points on the surface of a 3D part calculatedwithout any constraints o
27、n the resulting orientation of thebox (see A1.4 and A1.5).DISCUSSIONWhere the manufactured part includes the test geometryplus additional external features (for example, labels, tabs or raisedlettering), the bounding box may be specified according to the test partgeometry excluding the additional ex
28、ternal features if noted.geometric center, nof a bounding box, location at thearithmetic middle of the bounding box of the part. Synonym:centroid.DISCUSSIONThe center of the bounding box may lie outside the part.initial build orientation, nof a part, is the orientation of thepart as first placed in
29、the build volume and becomes thereference for any further part reorientation (see A1.6).DISCUSSIONThe initial build orientation is most easily communi-cated via 3D computer models (which can be interrogated for partposition and orientation relative to the build volume origin). Wherepractical, the in
30、itial build orientation may be designated as the partorientation in the 3D computer model. Without electronic transfer ofcomputer models, it should be documented with image(s) of the part(s)within the build volume and their orientation relative to the buildvolume origin (see A1.6 and A1.7).orthogona
31、l orientation notation, n of a parts initial buildorientation, may be used when the intended build orientationfor a part is such that its arbitrarily oriented minimumF2921 1112bounding box is aligned parallel to the X, Y, and Z axes of thebuild volume origin (as shown in A1.5(c), its orientationmay
32、be described by listing which axis is parallel to thelongest overall dimension of the bounding box first, fol-lowed by the axis which is parallel to the second longestoverall dimension of the bounding box second, followed bythe axis which is parallel to the third longest overalldimension of the boun
33、ding box.DISCUSSION For example, a specimen which is placed so that itslongest dimension is parallel to the Z axis, the second longestdimension is parallel to the X axis, and its shortest overall dimension isparallel to the Y axis shall be defined as having a ZXY orientation (seeA1.8 and A1.10 for e
34、xamples).DISCUSSIONWhere symmetry allows unambiguous designation oforientation by listing fewer than three axes (in descending order oflength), orthogonal orientation notation can be further abbreviated (seeA1.9 and A1.10).DISCUSSIONSome combinations of part symmetry in an orthogonalinitial build or
35、ientation fully define only one possible orientation andtherefore no image is required to communicate the initial buildorientation. This is the case for parts like the dog bone specimen (D638or ISO 527) in A1.10, which are bilaterally symmetrical (see A1.9)through its geometric center in the XY, XZ,
36、 YZ planes and have norotational symmetry. This is also the case for parts like the roundtension bar (see A1.10) which have 360 rotational symmetry througha center axis and are also bilaterally symmetrical across the planebisecting the part perpendicular to the axis of rotational symmetry.Normally,
37、an image is required to identify initial build orientation whenparts have features with less than 360 rotational symmetry (see A1.7).part location, nwithin the build volume should be specifiedby the X, Y, and Z coordinates for the position of thegeometric center of each parts arbitrarily oriented mi
38、nimumbounding box with respect to the build volume origin (seeA1.11 and A1.12).DISCUSSIONWhere finding the arbitrarily oriented minimum bound-ing box is not possible or practical, the coordinates of the center of theparts bounding box (aligned orthogonally to the build volume origin)when the part is
39、 in its initial build orientation may be used for definingpart location.part reorientation, nthe reorientation of parts within thebuild volume shall be specified by rotation around thegeometric center of the parts arbitrarily oriented minimumbounding box in the sequence of A, B, and C (see A1.3 andA
40、1.12) from a specified initial build orientation of that part.DISCUSSIONOnly non-zero angles need to be listed. For example,see A1.12 where the front row of parts are reoriented to A=0,B= +45,C= 0 from an initial build orientation Z and are identified as B+45 fromZ.5. Keywords5.1 additive manufactur
41、ing; test methods; machine coordi-nate system; part location; part orientationF2921 1113ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. IMAGES REFERRED TO IN THE DEFINITIONSA1.1 See Fig. A1.1. A1.2 See Fig. A1.2.FIG. A1.1 Generic (Upward Building) Additive Manufacturing Machine/SystemFIG. A1.2 Generic (Downward Bui
42、lding) Additive Manufacturing Machine/SystemF2921 1114A1.3 See Fig. A1.3.A1.3.1 As per ISO 841 when the thumb of the right handpoints in the positive X, Y,orZ directions, then positiverotation will be the direction from the hand to the finger tips.A1.4 See Fig. A1.4.FIG. A1.3 Right Hand Rule for Pos
43、itive Rotations with Referenceto the Build Volume OriginFIG. A1.4 Example of an Arbitrarily Oriented Minimum Bounding BoxF2921 1115A1.5 See Fig. A1.5.A1.5.1 Fig. A1.5 shows ( a) a pressure plate in an arbitraryorientation and its bounding box aligned to the build volumeorigin, (b) the same geometry
44、in the same orientation with itsarbitrarily oriented minimum bounding box, and (c) the samepart now re-oriented so that its minimum bounding box isparallel to the build volume origin.FIG. A1.5 Examples of Different Types of Bounding BoxesF2921 1116A1.6 See Fig. A1.6.A1.6.1 The pressure plate is show
45、n in its intended buildorientation relative to the build volume origin (for a perspec-tive view of this part in the same orientation see Fig. A1.5(c).The overall dimensions of its bounding box are provided sothat the geometric center can be calculated. Also the alignmentof the major features (the bo
46、lt circle) is shown with the centerlines.A1.6.2 DiscussionIn this example the initial build orien-tation is such that the arbitrarily oriented minimum boundingbox has been aligned to the build volume origin in one of thesix orthogonal alignments, which is convenient (especiallywhen specifying multip
47、le occurrences of the part geometrywith reorientation) but it is not a requirement for the initialbuild orientation. For example, if thoroughly dimensioned, theorientation of this part as shown in Fig. A1.5(a) may be usedas an initial build orientation as well. In practice, the morecomplicated the p
48、art geometry and increased number oforientations the more likely this will be communicated usingthree-dimensional computer models, rather than methods for2D reporting.FIG. A1.6 Initial Build OrientationF2921 1117A1.7 See Fig. A1.7.A1.7.1 Because a fi b fi c (even though they share the sameorthogonal
49、 orientation notation for their initial build orienta-tions).A1.7.2 Even when the arbitrarily oriented minimum bound-ing box is aligned to the build volume origin, there are stillmultiple orientations possible for many part geometries (espe-cially when there is less than 360 rotated symmetry, such asthe 60 rotated bolt circle in the pressure plate shown). In orderto clarify which orientation is intended, a visual depiction isneeded.FIG. A1.7 Why is a Picture Normally Required to Communicate the Initial Bu
