1、Designation: F2954 12Standard Guide forTraining for Level II Rope Rescue (R2) RescuerEndorsement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2954; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with,and as an add-on to, Guide F2751 and Guide F2752 (orequivalent for other enviro
3、nments), to address the specificknowledge and skills required for a rescuer who participates inrope rescue at a higher level of responsibility and complexity.1.1.1 Specifically, this guide is intended to define thetraining that would prepare an endorsed Level II Rope Rescuer(LRT-R2) or equivalent (u
4、nder qualified supervision) to assistand support rope rescue operations at an intermediate level,including patient packaging, litter rigging, ascending anddescending fixed ropes in a high angle environment, andconstructing raising and lowering systems, in conjunction withother rescue duties.1.1.2 Th
5、is guide establishes the minimum training standardfor an endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer as related to general, field,and rope rescue-specific knowledge and skills.1.1.3 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer must work under thedirect supervision of qualified rope rescue personnel.1.2 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer perform
6、s rope rescues inlow and high angle terrain, and may serve as a litter attendantin low (but not high) angle terrain. An endorsed LRT-R2Rescuer is capable of safely assisting rope rescuers who havehigher level endorsements.1.2.1 This guide alone does not provide the minimumtraining requirements for p
7、erforming or assisting in rescuesthat occur in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or onwater, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves,mines, and tunnels).1.3 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer is required to haveknowledge and skill sets pertaining to the intermediate subjectevacuation
8、component of rope rescue. These include but arenot limited to patient packaging, construction of an anchorsystem, construction of simple and compound rope mechanicaladvantage systems, and construction and use of lowering(fixed-brake) rope systems.1.4 Type II teams, as defined in Guide F1993, which m
9、ayutilize personnel trained to this guide are Kind A (wilderness),Kind B (urban), and Kind C (mountainous).1.4.1 Further training may be required before an endorsedLRT-R2 Rescuer can actually participate on a particular kind ofrope rescue team, depending on AHJ (authority having juris-diction) regul
10、ations or policies.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
11、use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1768 Guide for Using Whistle Signals During Rope RescueOperationsF1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering,Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF1993 Classification System of Human Search and Re
12、scueResourcesF2047 Practice for Workers Compensation Coverage ofEmergency Services VolunteersF2209 Guide for Training of Level I Land Search TeamMemberF2751 Guide for Training of Support Level Land RescueTeam Member (LRT-Support) MemberF2752 Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1)Rescuer End
13、orsement3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, see Termi-nology F1773, Guide F1633, Classification F1993, PracticeF2047, and other references within this guide.3.2 Except where noted, this guide shall use terminology asfound in Guide F2752.1This guide is under the jurisdictio
14、n of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.02 on Management andOperations.Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published August 2012. DOI: 10.1520/F2954-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus
15、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.3 Definitions of Terms Specific t
16、o This Standard:3.3.1 Rope Rescuer, Level II (LRT-R2), na member of arope rescue team who, at a minimum, meets the requirementsof this guide. These requirements define the intermediate oroperations level of rope rescue knowledge, skills, and capa-bilities.3.3.2 low angle, nterrain whose average slop
17、e has anangle of 30 to 50 from horizontal.3.3.3 high angle, nterrain whose average slope has anangle of greater than 50 from horizontal.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for trainingrope rescuers as it relates to their rope rescue specific knowl-edge and skills. A
18、person trained to this guide is an endorsedLevel II Rope Rescuer (LRT-R2 Rescuer).4.1.1 Every person who is identified as an endorsed LRT-R2Rescuer shall have met the requirements of this guide.4.1.2 This guide is only the second level of training for roperescue personnel and, in conjunction with Gu
19、ides F2209 andF2752, only establishes the minimum knowledge and skillsrequired for a person to perform intermediate rope rescue. Noother advanced skills are included or implied.4.1.3 In addition to meeting the requirements of this guide,an endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall also be adequately trainedto o
20、perate effectively and safely in the environment in which heis expected to work (that is, wilderness, urban, industrial, andso forth).4.1.4 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from addingadditional requirements for its own members.4.2 Endorsement to Level II Rope Rescue (LRT-R2 Res-cuer) is not a
21、n indication that a person possesses adequate fieldskills or knowledge to make mission-critical decisions.However, under authorized supervision, a person so endorsedis qualified to support a rope rescue team in an area with highfall exposure and/or falling hazard potential, including highangle envir
22、onments.4.3 This guide by itself is not a complete training document.It is only an outline of the topics required for training orevaluating an endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer. It may, however, beused in the development of, or as part of, a complete trainingdocument or program.4.3.1 This guide does not stand
23、 alone. It must be used withthe referenced documents to provide the specific informationneeded by an endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer or for an AHJ toproperly evaluate a training program or text.4.4 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards,it does not imply that an endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer is a“tr
24、ainee,” “probationary,” or other similar term member of anorganization. It is the responsibility of theAHJ to determine therequirements and qualifications for member ratings.4.5 Because technical rope rescue is inherently dangerous,and rope rescuers are frequently required to perform rigorousactivit
25、ies in adverse conditions, regional and national safetystandards shall be included in agency and organization policiesand procedures. An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall completeall activities based on an analysis of risk versus benefit, andshall follow applicable and mandated safety standards.4.6 This
26、 guide can be used to evaluate a document todetermine if its content includes the topics necessary fortraining an endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer. Likewise, this guide canbe used to evaluate an existing training program to see if itmeets the requirements of this guide.4.7 The knowledge and skill requirement
27、s in the followingsections are not presented in any particular order and do notrepresent a training sequence.4.8 Except where a physical skill needs to be shown, it is upto the AHJ to determine the best way to evaluate a personsknowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam,demonstration, or by s
28、ome combination of the three.5. General Knowledge and Skills5.1 General Requirements:5.1.1 As a prerequisite, an endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shallpossess some training, certification, or endorsement in theenvironment in which he or she is expected to work (urban,wilderness, mountainous, and so forth).5.
29、1.2 For Land Rescue Personnel, meeting the requirementsof Guides F2751 and F2752 shall be considered sufficient formeeting the requirements of 5.1.1.5.1.3 The AHJ shall verify that the endorsee possesses bothattitude and aptitude for working at height, for example, he orshe must be comfortable with
30、exposure and must have theability to move safely and effectively in the working environ-ment.5.2 Personal Equipment:5.2.1 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall possess and carry,at a minimum, sufficient Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)and rope rescue equipment to maintain personal safety whileworking
31、on or around a rope rescue. Suitability of equipmentshall be verified by the AHJ to include, but not be limited to:5.2.1.1 Head protection (helmet).5.2.1.2 Hand protection (gloves).5.2.1.3 Harness.5.2.1.4 Slings/lanyards (for personal use).5.2.1.5 Ascending equipment.5.2.1.6 Eye protection (glasses/
32、goggles/shield).5.2.1.7 Adequate clothing.5.2.1.8 Connectors (carabiners).5.2.1.9 Descending equipment.5.2.2 Additional rope rescue equipment necessary for anendorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer to safely participate on a roperescue varies by type of rope rescue, team assignment, season,environment, and terrain.
33、5.2.3 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall explain the rea-sons to carry, and explain or demonstrate the use of, allpersonal rope rescue equipment required by the AHJ.5.2.4 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall be able to inspectPPE and personal rope rescue equipment for the purpose ofidentifying wear, damag
34、e, and operational readiness.F2954 1225.2.5 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to perform appropriate rope rescue equipment mainte-nance procedures, including cleaning, as well as maintenanceof equipment logs and records.5.3 Team Equipment:5.3.1 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall
35、be familiar withteam rope rescue equipment identified and commonly used bytheAHJ. Such equipment may include, but is not limited to, thefollowing:5.3.1.1 Medical equipment.5.3.1.2 Patient packaging equipment.5.3.1.3 Ropes.5.3.1.4 Slings.5.3.1.5 Rope grab devices.5.3.1.6 Litters.5.3.1.7 Communication
36、s equipment.5.3.1.8 Lowering devices.5.3.1.9 Hauling or raising devices.5.3.1.10 Connectors and other hardware.5.3.2 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall explain the rea-sons to carry, and explain or demonstrate the use of, all teamrope rescue equipment required by the AHJ including, at aminimum, those
37、items listed in 5.2.1 and 5.3.1.5.3.3 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall be able to inspectteam rope rescue equipment used by the AHJ to identify wear,damage, and operational readiness for, at a minimum, thoseitems listed in 5.2.1 and 5.3.1.5.3.4 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability
38、 to perform appropriate maintenance procedures on roperescue equipment used by the AHJ. These shall includecleaning and packing, as well as maintenance of applicablelogs and records for, at a minimum, those items listed in 5.2.1and 5.3.1.5.4 Communications:5.4.1 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall be f
39、amiliar withand conversant in the use of whistle signals as found in GuideF1768 or as required by the AHJ.5.4.2 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall be familiar withand conversant in the use of hand signals as required by theAHJ.6. Rope Rescue Concepts and Capabilities6.1 Rope Rescue Concepts:6.1.1 An e
40、ndorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall demonstrate anunderstanding of how the following basic concepts affect roperescue:6.1.1.1 Angles.6.1.1.2 Load transfer.6.1.1.3 Passing knots.6.1.1.4 Mechanical advantage.6.1.1.5 Placing edge protection.6.2 Rope Rescue Capabilities:6.2.1 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall d
41、emonstrate theability to manage resource needs.6.2.2 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to identify conditions that affect the efficiency of a roperescue operation, including the duration of the incident.6.3 Rope Rescue Techniques:6.3.1 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall have inte
42、rmediateknot tying skills, including the ability to tie a hitch around anobject.6.3.2 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall understand inter-mediate anchoring concepts, including proficiency in riggingmulti-point anchors.6.3.3 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to construct a fixed r
43、ope system.6.3.4 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall understand theneed for, and know how to place edge protection.6.3.5 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall understand theneed for, and know how to place rope protection along the pathof the rope, should it be necessary.6.3.6 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shal
44、l demonstrate theability to construct a simple rope mechanical advantage sys-tem.6.3.7 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to construct a compound rope mechanical advantagesystem.6.3.8 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to participate in low angle litter evac
45、uation procedures,including:6.3.8.1 Constructing a belay system.6.3.8.2 Tending litters.6.3.8.3 Loading and packaging patients.6.3.8.4 Constructing hauling or raising systems.6.3.8.5 Conducting a system safety check.6.3.8.6 Managing the operation of a rope mechanical advan-tage system.6.3.8.7 Managi
46、ng the operation of a lowering system.6.3.9 An endorsed LRT-R2 Rescuer shall demonstrate theability to participate in high angle evacuation procedures withor without a litter, including:6.3.9.1 The skills already defined in 6.3.8.6.3.9.2 Assisting with litter movement over an edge duringa lowering o
47、r raising operation.6.3.9.3 Operating a belay system during a lowering orraising operation.6.3.9.4 Constructing lowering systems.6.3.9.5 Assisting (under qualified supervision) in complexrigging operations including, but not limited to, highlines,guiding lines, and offsets.6.3.9.6 Ascending a fixed
48、rope.6.3.9.7 Descending a fixed rope.7. Keywords7.1 extrication; rescue; rope; SAR; technical rescue; USARF2954 123APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. A COMPARISON OF KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, CONCEPTS, AND CAPABILITIES ACROSS THE THREE LEVELS OFROPE RESCUETABLE X1.1 A Comparison of Knowledge, Skills, Co
49、ncepts, and Capabilities Across the Three Levels of Rope Rescue5 General Knowledge and Skills5.1 General Requirements R1 R2 R35.1.1 As a prerequisite, Rescuer shall possess some training, certification, or endorsement in the environment inwhich he or she is expected to work (urban, wilderness, mountainous, and so forth).UUU5.1.2 For Land Rescue Personnel, meeting the requirements of Guide F2751 shall be considered sufficient formeeting the requirements of 5.1.1.U5.1.2 For Land Rescue Personnel, meeting the requirements of Guides F2751 and F2752 shall be considered suf-ficient
