1、Designation: F2960 14Standard Practice forPermanent Amusement Railway Ride Tracks and RelatedDevices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2960; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard applies to design, manufacture,installation, operation, maintenance, and inspection of perma-nent amusement railway
3、 ride(s) that have a track gauge greaterthan or equal to 12 in. (305 mm) measured between the headsof the rails and their related devices and facilities, for example,bridges, tunnels, and signal support structures, excludingrolling stock. This “track” specific standard provides require-ments which a
4、re not covered in the “core” or “supporting”standards of the ASTM F24 committee.1.2 This standard does not apply to track of rides, such asroller coasters, that may resemble railways, but may fall withinthe scope of Practice F2291-11 or Practice F1159-02 and doesnot apply to funiculars as defined in
5、 ANSI B77.2 or BS EN1907.1.3 This standard does not apply to Amusement RailwayRides and their associated track, devices and facilities that aremanufactured and intended for use as a portable amusementride or attraction.1.4 This standard does not apply to permanently installedamusement railway rides
6、and tourist railways, and their asso-ciated track, devices and facilities that are under the jurisdic-tion of the Federal Administration of the Department ofTransportation (that is, operate under jurisdiction of the FederalRailroad Administration (FRA) in whole or part) or Nationalequivalent.1.5 Thi
7、s standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Document
8、s2.1 ASTM Standards:2F747 Terminology Relating to Amusement Rides and De-vicesF770 Practice for Ownership, Operation, Maintenance, andInspection of Amusement Rides and DevicesF893 Guide for Auditing Amusement Rides and Devices(Withdrawn 2013)3F1159 Practice for Design and Manufacture of PatronDirect
9、ed, Artificial Climbing Walls, Dry Slide, CoinOperated and Purposeful Water Immersion AmusementRides and Devices and Air-Supported StructuresF1193 Practice for Quality, Manufacture, and Constructionof Amusement Rides and DevicesF2137 Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristicsof Amusement Rid
10、es and Devices2.2 Industry Standards:AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering (2013)AWPA U1 (American Wood Preservers Association Stan-dard) The Use Category System (2013)BS EN 1907 Safety Requirements for Cableway Installa-tions Designed to Carry PersonsTerminology (Funicu-lars) (2005)Manual on Uniform
11、 Traffic Control Devices for Streets andHighways (MUTCD) (2009)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 amusement railway ride, nan amusement ride thatmay have multiple vehicles (for example, locomotive(s),coach(es), etc.) linked together, at least one of which has onboard mechanical propulsion that has
12、an on board operator(s),utilizing flanged wheels on railroad type rails with a gauge of1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F24 onAmusement Rides and Devices and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF24.60 on Special Rides/Attractions.Current edition approved July 1,
13、2014. Published September 2014. DOI:10.1520/F2960-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The las
14、t approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States112 in. or greater, that is insular to national regulations, whichis designated by the Designer/Engineer as an
15、amusementrailway ride.3.1.2 Type AP-A track, nactive main lines; any trackwhere the operating speed exceeds walking speed.3.1.3 Type AP-B track, nactive passing tracks, loadingtracks, classification yard tracks, and storage tracks; all othertracks (both active and inactive) that are not previouslyid
16、entified as Type AP-A track; tracks having an occasional useor a foreseeable need.3.1.4 Type AP-C track, ninactive track with no currentoperation requirements.3.1.5 walking speed, nless than 5 ft (1.5 m) per second.4. Significance and Use4.1 The user of this standard shall be required to review andc
17、omply with the referenced “core” ASTM F24 Committeestandards in 2.1 of this standard. Modified or alternate require-ments to those standards may be required in this standard.4.1.1 Amusement railway sub-systems may be built tovarious scales, that is, rolling stock maybe to one scale and thetrack to a
18、nother but have common gauge. The railroadsdocumentation or maintenance manuals shall identify therailroad standards of the respective subsystems/interfaces.4.1.2 The Designer/Engineers requirements shall considerthe track equipment manufacturers and rolling stock manu-facturers requirements and sha
19、ll determine their appropriateinterfaces.5. Design5.1 Design of roadway (track, ties, roadbed, and roadbedshoulder) shall be performed or overseen by the Designer/Engineer knowledgeable in Railway Engineering.5.1.1 The Designer/Engineer shall specify the preparationof the road bed and ballast to sup
20、port the rail system basedupon expected loads.5.1.2 Drains:5.1.2.1 Size and DesignDitches and other drainage struc-tures (culverts, drains, and drop inlets) shall be of sufficientsize and construction to handle the flow of water from rain,snow, and irrigation.5.1.3 Ballast:5.1.3.1 The Designer/Engin
21、eer shall specify if ballast shallbe used.5.1.3.2 If required, the Designer/Engineer shall specify thetamping of the ballast.5.2 Cross Ties:5.2.1 A cross tie is a structure placed transversely underboth rails and secured to both rails.5.2.2 Cross ties shall maintain track gauge.5.2.3 Cross ties shal
22、l contribute to rail alignment.5.2.4 Cross ties shall be made of a size and material towhich rail can be securely fastened and support and distributethe load from the rails to the ballast or grade.5.2.5 Tie Selection:5.2.5.1 Ties shall possess the following attributes:(1) Made of a size and material
23、 to which rail can besecurely fastened.(2) Provide sufficient compressive size and strength towithstand and distribute rail and train loading to the ballast orgrade.5.2.5.2 Wood TiesWood ties shall meet the requirementsspecified in industrially recognized standard, for example,AREMA Manual for Railw
24、ay Engineering, or as specified byan Designer/Engineer.5.2.5.3 Similar ties to wood (including plastic or compositeties) may be used provided they perform the functions above,for example, rails attached to concrete tie, steel or concrete inroad crossings or in streets and are designed for the loads.
25、5.2.5.4 The rails shall be attached to ties or the similarsystems with fasteners such that the rails are adequatelysupported. Drilling of the rail flange is not allowed.5.2.5.5 Used TiesTies may be reused provided they arenot considered defective as described in 9.8.5.1 but maycontain holes from pri
26、or use. Ties maybe flipped over toprovide new spiking surfaces.5.2.6 Tie SpacingNominal tie spacing shall be establishedby the Designer/Engineer and be based upon the expected load.Also, see X5.2.6 on thematic ties.5.3 Tie PlatesTie plates are not a requirement of thisstandard.5.3.1 If canted tie pl
27、ates are used, each shall incline the topof the rail towards the centerline of the track. If tie plates areused, flat and canted tie plates shall not be mixed in the samerail section.5.4 Spikes (or fasteners):5.4.1 Rails shall be secured at every tie. The rail shall havea sufficient number and stren
28、gth of spikes (fasteners) toeffectively maintain gauge and provide sufficient rail restraint.5.4.2 Spiking PatternReserved.5.5 Joints:5.5.1 Joint BarsJoint bars, if used, shall join rail sectionstogether and shall match the rail size.5.5.1.1 Only metal joint bars are allowed. At insulatedjoints, an
29、insulated metal bar with insulated bolt holes shall beused.5.5.1.2 Compromise JointsRails of different size or sec-tion shall be joined with properly designed and constructedcompromise bars, taper rails, or offset welds.5.5.1.3 Welded joints are acceptable when appropriatelydesigned for the railway
30、installation and specific processes (forexample, annealing) are specified. Aluminum rail which hasbeen welded shall not be used.5.5.1.4 As a minimum, the threaded end of the bolt shall beflush with or proud of the nut.5.5.2 Joint GapA gap between rail ends shall be installedto provide for thermal ex
31、pansion resulting from maximum andminimum temperature difference within the year or othermeans approved by the Designer/Engineer.5.6 Rail AnchorsRail anchors shall not be used on opendeck bridges. An open deck bridge is a bridge with no floor.5.7 Gauge Rods:F2960 1425.7.1 A gauge rod is a device thr
32、eaded at its ends withfeatures at its end that attach to opposing rails for the purposeof maintaining the gauge distance between those rails (See Fig.1).5.7.2 ApplicationIf used, gauge rods shall be installed atright angles to the rail with the jaws firmly gripping the base ofthe rail.5.8 RailRail s
33、hall meet the requirements of the Designer/Engineer.5.8.1 Short RailShort rails and joint gap fillers shallprovide wheel guidance to mitigate a derailment at the maxi-mum speed stipulated by the Operator.5.9 Track GeometryOne rail shall be designated as theline rail. The alignment of the track is es
34、tablished by this rail.Either rail may be used as the line rail on tangent track so longas the same rail is used for the entire length of the tangent.5.9.1 In curves, the inside rail is designated as the grade rail.The grade rail is the reference from which super-elevation isapplied to the outside r
35、ail of the curve.5.9.2 The following figures define track geometry for allgauges that shall be used by the Designer/Engineer to establishthe requirements for the track. These figures will be referencedin subsequent sections.5.9.3 GaugeGauge is the distance between a point one-half the depth of the r
36、ail head below the top surface of the tworails measured at right angles to the rail or, for standard gauge,58 in. (15.9 mm) below the railhead as shown in Fig. 9. Theminimum and maximum gauges shall be determined using Fig.3 and Fig. 4 respectively.5.9.3.1 Gauge less than standard or if the rails ar
37、e cantedGauge is the minimum distance between the rail heads,measured at right angles to the rails at the rail head. Canted railis the inclination of both rails towards the center line of thetrack, typically by the use of inclined tie plates, usually at anincline of 1 in 20. See Fig. 10.5.9.3.2 In c
38、urves the gauge, as defined in 5.9.3, shall beadjusted for the degree of curvature, the tread width and wheelbase of the rolling stock but shall not exceed the values of Fig.4. (See X5.9.3.2 for definition of degree of curvature.)5.10 Cross Level:5.10.1 DefinitionCross level is the difference in ele
39、vationbetween the top surfaces of the two rails measured at rightangles to the track, as shown in Fig. 115.10.2 Designated Cross LevelOn tangent track, the crosslevel shall be zero 6 tolerance specified by the Designer/Engineer. On curved track, the designated cross level is equalto the designated s
40、uper elevation (see 5.11). Between thetangent and curved track is the transition track. Super elevationin the transition varies from level at the tangent to full superelevation at the curve.5.11 Super ElevationSuper elevation is the banking oftrack by raising of the outside rail or lowering of the i
41、nside railin a curve. The amount of super elevation is a function of thedegree of curvature, proposed speed of the train and thelocation of the center of gravity of the train vehicles. The superelevation shall be designed so that the combined force vectorsfrom the weight of the train and the centrip
42、etal forces due to thetrains speed in a curve shall act as a combined force vectorintersecting the tie surface between the rails (stable) versusoutside the rails (unstable). The design shall use a train speedfrom zero to the maximum speed, including over speedconditions, to ensure overturning stabil
43、ity is provided.5.12 Turnouts:5.12.1 TurnoutThe section of rail from the tip of switchpoints (point of switch) to the heel of the frog shall beconsidered the turnout.5.12.2 General requirements for turnouts.5.12.3 MaterialsAll materials used within the limits of aturnout shall be specified by an Des
44、igner/Engineer and not beflame cut after manufacture.5.12.4 RailAll rail used within a turnout shall be of thesame weight and section. Compromise joints are not permittedwithin a turnout.5.12.5 TiesThe requirements in 5.2 of this standard shallapply to ties within the limits of a turnout.5.12.6 Stub
45、 SwitchesStub switches may be used and allrules within this standard applying to turnouts shall apply tostub switches except those rules regarding the switch itself.When used, operating speed over stub switches shall be limitedto twice walking speed.5.12.6.1 Stock and closure rails shall be securely
46、 fastenedand provide for proper alignment at the approach track endwhen the moveable approach track is thrown in either direc-tion. The rail ends of both the approach track and the stock andclosure rails shall bear on a common tie or contiguous bearingplate, or both. Means shall be provided to preve
47、nt misalign-ment between the approach and turnout tracks in all operatingpositions to the extent that a derailment potential is created atthe speed allowed for the turnout.5.12.6.2 Means shall be provided to prevent longitudinalmovement of the approach, stock, and closure rails to theextent that the
48、y no longer bear on a common tie or bearingplate.5.12.6.3 End gap between approach rails and closure/stockrails shall be sufficient to allow throwing the switch withoutbinding.FIG. 1 Gauge Rods (installed on rails, ties and tie plates not shown)F2960 1435.12.6.4 End gap between approach rails and cl
49、osure/stockrails shall not be large enough to present a derailment potential.5.12.7 Turnout Track GeometryTurnout track geometryshall conform to the requirements of the Designer/Engineerdetermined by Figs. 2-7.5.12.7.1 Rail braces (see Figs. X1.9 and X1.10) shall bedesigned to provide proper lateral support to the stock rails ina turnout.5.12.8 Switch StandA switch stand is the frame whichholds the lever which moves the points of the switch and mayalso contain a banner or visual indicator of the direction of thepoints.5.12.8.1 Switch stand lever
