1、Designation: F2966 13Standard Guide forSnow and Ice Control for Walkway Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2966; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers snow and ice control procedures. It isintended to recommend known methods to bring about reason-ably safe walkways where snow and i
3、ce may impact the safetyof pedestrians.1.2 Conformance with this guide will not alleviate all snowand ice hazards; however, conformance represents a reasonableeffort to reduce pedestrian risks associated with snow and ice.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if an
4、y, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1637 Practice for Safe Walking SurfacesF1646 Term
5、inology Relating to Safety and Traction forFootwear3. Terminology3.1 See Terminology F1646 for the following terms: fall,friction, pedestrian, ramp, sidewalk, slip, slip resistant, andwalkway.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 anti-icing materials, ndry or liquid snow and iceco
6、ntrol materials applied before a snow and ice event intendedto prevent precipitation from bonding (that is, freezing) withthe pavement, or weaken bonds formed for easier removal.33.2.2 de-icing materials, nsnow and ice melting productsapplied on top of a layer of snow or ice, or both, that is bonded
7、to the pavement.3.2.2.1 DiscussionCan also be applied proactively,during, or after plowing or snow and ice removal.34. Significance and Use4.1 This guide outlines key elements of snow and icecontrol on walkway surfaces.5. Snow/Ice Control5.1 General:5.1.1 Control techniques for exterior walkway surf
8、acesinclude anti-icing, plowing, snow blowing, shoveling, de-icing,and/or applying sand or other abrasives.5.1.2 Reasonable effort should be made to ensure exteriorwalkway surface safety for pedestrian traffic.5.1.3 A combination of preparatory and ongoing snow andice control methods should be emplo
9、yed, as applicable.5.1.4 Snow and ice control procedures should be prioritizedbased on pedestrian usage. Where feasible, parking lots shouldbe barricaded, plowed, and treated with de-icing materialsbefore permitting use.5.1.5 Snow and ice storage accumulations should be locatedto avoid obstructing d
10、rains, downspouts, or walkway drainagefeatures.5.1.6 Stair systems, ramps, handrails and side rails shouldbe cleared of snow and ice before permitting their use.5.1.7 Walkway surfaces should be monitored and treated forrefreezing.5.1.8 Removed snow and ice should be placed/stored in amanner that doe
11、s not create a slip hazard upon melting orrefreezing. For example, plowing snow accumulations to lowerelevations of the property or onto grassy areas may preventpotentially hazardous refreezing of melt water.5.1.9 Removed snow and ice should not be stored in amanner that creates a safety hazard for
12、pedestrians, such asplacement that blocks a path of egress. Fire hydrants andsimilar fixtures that could be covered by snow and ice shouldbe marked with reflective posts, stakes, or other distinctivemarkings.5.1.10 Special attention should be given to snow and iceclearance and control during reasona
13、bly foreseeable peakpedestrian traffic periods, including but not limited to early1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F13 on Pedestrian/Walkway Safety and Footwear and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF13.50 on Walkway Surfaces.Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Pu
14、blished August 2013. DOI: 10.1520/F2966-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3National Cooperat
15、ive Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 577:Guidelines for the Selection of Snow and Ice Control Materials to MitigateEnvironmental Impacts, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies,2007.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
16、2959. United States1morning hours, shift change, or prior to employee, vendor,visitor, and customer arrivals, including commercial dock orreceiving area driveways, steps and ramps.5.1.11 To scrape and wipe de-icing and anti-icing materials,slush, water and other debris from pedestrian footwear atent
17、rances, suitable walk off mats, recessed grille mats, perma-nent carpet tiles and similar equipment should be used. (SeePractice F1637, subsection 5.4, for additional information.)5.2 Planning:5.2.1 Plans for snow and ice control should be in writing.Procedures should be prioritized based on volume
18、and type ofpedestrian traffic.5.2.2 When utilized, snow and ice control service agree-ments with contractors should include means, materials, andmethods for snow and ice control, as well as diagrams of areasto be serviced. Diagrams may also include locations of wheresnow storage accumulations should
19、 be placed to minimize slipand fall exposures.5.2.3 Parking lots, sidewalks, exterior steps, ramps andother walkway surfaces exposed to snow and ice should berepaired and free of trip hazards, prior to winter. Wherefeasible, low areas or other interruptions in drainage flow inwalkway surfaces should
20、 be corrected in a manner thatpreserves the slip resistant properties of the walkway surface.5.2.4 Painted walkway surfaces should include the properapplication of abrasives as recommended by the paint manu-facturer.5.2.5 Roof downspouts should direct drainage flow awayfrom walkways or into undergro
21、und or covered trough drains,drainage systems or landscaped retention areas rather than ontowalkway surfaces that could freeze.5.2.6 Vendor guidance regarding anti-icing and de-icingproduct effectiveness, temperature use, advantages,disadvantages, environmental impact, and cost per unit shouldbe con
22、sidered.3Pre-storm application of anti-icing or de-icingmaterials accelerates the melting process by creating liquidbrine between the walkway surface and the snow and iceaccumulation. Wetting of de-icing materials in solid form maycause the chemicals to begin melting more quickly and couldreduce was
23、te or scattering of materials.35.3 Equipment and Materials:5.3.1 Motorized equipment such as plows, snow blowers,etc., should be utilized where manual methods cannot controlsnow and ice quickly enough or it would be impractical to usemanual methods.5.3.2 Manual snow removal equipment, such as shovel
24、s,scrapers, brooms, and similar equipment should be utilized fordetailed removal of snow and ice.5.3.3 Anti-icing or de-icing equipment should be in goodcondition and free of leaks.5.3.4 Workers using anti-icing and de-icing solutions shouldbe trained on application requirements and techniques, pref
25、er-ably by the vendor, if proprietary products are used. Specialtraining may be needed, including the amount to apply and theeffect of warming temperatures and increased humidity.5.3.5 When snow removal or the use of de-icing materialsare not possible, sand and other abrasives can be used to createt
26、raction.6. Snow and Ice ControlHigh-Traffic Parking Areas6.1 Snow and ice accumulations between parked vehiclesshould be removed, where practical, to reduce patches of iceand the potential for refreezing.7. Keywords7.1 anti-icing; control; de-icing; ice; refreezing; snowASTM International takes no p
27、osition respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsib
28、ility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to
29、ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the addre
30、ss shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F2966 132
