1、Designation: F2973 14F2973 15Standard Specification forInsulating Lifting Links for Load Lifting Equipment WorkingNear Energized Power Lines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2973; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers insulating lifting links used for protection of workers positio
3、ning a load from accidental contactof the load lifting equipment with live electrical conductors, apparatus, and circuits.1.2 This specification includes design, material, and testing requirements for the manufacturer and in-service inspection, testingand care requirements for the user or the agent
4、of the user.1.3 Insulating links whose primary application does not pertain to power line electrical safety are not within the scope of thisspecification.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard do
5、es not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stand
6、ards:2E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesF819 Terminology Relating to Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers2.2 IEEE Standard:3IEEE 4 Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing2.3 ISO Standard:4ISO 75001 Metallic materials - Verification of static uniaxial testing machines
7、 - Part 1: Tensile testing machines - Corrigendum3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology used in this specification is in accordance with Terminology F819.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 design verification test, ntest made on a sample treated as representative of an indust
8、rial product.3.2.2 electrical test, na test ensuring that a product meets the minimum electrical requirements of the standard.3.2.3 flashover, na disruptive discharge over the surface of the insulating link.3.2.4 mechanical test, na test confirming that a product meets the minimum mechanical require
9、ments of a standard.3.2.5 proof load, nspecific mechanical load applied in the performance of the proof load test.3.2.6 proof test, nmechanical and electrical tests performed by the manufacturer on all production units.3.2.7 puncture, ndisruptive discharge through an insulator.1 This specification i
10、s under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF18.55 on Inspection and Non-Destructive Test Methods for Aerial Devices.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2014November 201
11、5. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asF2973-14. DOI: 10.1520/F2973-1410.1520/F2973-152 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer
12、to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), 445 Hoes Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854, http:/www.ieee.org.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10
13、036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that
14、 users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.8 qualified personne
15、l, npersonnel who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, or skill,and who, by knowledge, training, and experience, have demonstrated the ability to deal with problems relating to the subjectmatter, the work, or the project.3.2.9 rated load, nthe maximum working lo
16、ad.3.2.10 visual inspection, nvisual check made to detect defects that impede the performance of a product(s).4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 The mechanical design factor shall not be less than 5.0 times its rated load for ratings up to 100 tons and 4.0 times ratedload for ratings 100 tons and up.4.
17、2 The electrical design factor of the link shall not be less than 2 times it rated use voltage.4.3 The insulation system shall not absorb water and shall have a water repellent surface.4.4 Weather shields shall be made of impact resistant nonconductive material.4.5 UV resistant polymers should be em
18、ployed by the manufacturer if, without them, electrical performance may be affected.4.6 Steel used shall meet ASTM or AISI standards.5. Workmanship and Finish5.1 The insulating surface of the links shall be free of cracks, nicks, gouges, damage to the insulating surface that would affectits insulati
19、ng properties in both dry and wet conditions.5.2 MarkingsEach link should bear permanent, accessible, and readily visible markings that include, at a minimum, themanufacturers mark, ASTM XXX, unit serial number, rated voltage, and rated load.5.3 ManualsThe manufacturer shall provide a manual with ea
20、ch link. The manual shall contain:5.3.1 Descriptions, specifications, and ratings of the link.5.3.2 Ambient temperature range for which the link is designed.5.3.3 Precautions concerning weather.5.3.4 Instructions regarding routine and frequency of inspections and maintenance.6. General Test Requirem
21、ents6.1 Personnel responsible for the tests outlined in this document shall be qualified individuals as per 3.2.8, knowledgeable inthe use of the test equipment used for tensile loading and high-voltage testing.6.2 The electrical test equipment shall meet the requirements of IEEE 4-1995. The meterin
22、g systems including measurementcable used to measure AC current shall have a system error of 5 % or less.6.3 The electrical test set up shall provide the operator protection in the performance of his duties and isolate the specimen toguard against accidental contact by persons in the vicinity.6.4 Th
23、e ambient temperature for the test location shall not be lower than 15.5 C.6.5 Electrical discharge characteristics and measured current of a test object can be affected by its general arrangement, suchas the clearance from other energized or grounded structures, the height above ground level, or th
24、e arrangement of the high-voltagelead that may affect flashover voltages. For that reason, the general arrangement should be as shown in Fig. 1 for testing links thatFIG. 1 Suggested Test Set Up for Insulated LinksF2973 152are not installed on load lifting equipment.6.6 Clearance to nearby structure
25、s that are equal to or greater than two times the length of the shortest possible electricaldischarge path on the test object should make any proximity effects negligible.7. Design Verification Tests7.1 Design verification tests are to be performed on at least one representative unit from each class
26、 of insulating link, and thiswill qualify that class of link models of variable rated loads for a given rated voltage.Atest unit is considered to be representativeof its group if it meets the following requirements:7.1.1 The same structural and dielectric materials, structural designs, manufacturing
27、, and assembly methods apply to all linksin the group,7.1.2 The same structural stress and loading analysis can be applied to all the links in the group,7.1.3 The test unit has the same or smaller electrical creepage and arcing distances per kV of rating.7.2 Mechanical Design Verification Test Proce
28、dure:7.2.1 The insulating link shall withstand a tensile load test of 5.0 times its rated load for rating up to 100 tons and 4.0 timesrated load for ratings 100 tons and up for 60 s without separation. The tensile load test is to be performed on a test bed or hydraulicpulling machine calibrated to t
29、he latest revision of either ASTM E4 or ISO 75001.7.3 Electrical Design Verification Test Procedure:7.3.1 Three electrical tests to verify design voltage rating shall be peformed.7.3.2 The insulating link will withstand an applied AC voltage while dry of twice the link-rated AC voltage for 5 min wit
30、houtdielectric puncture or flashover and leakage of no more than 3 mA.7.3.3 The link shall be tested to verify that it does not absorb water with time.7.3.3.1 Install the link in a humidity chamber for 48 h at a temparature between 65 and 100 F with a minimum of 93 % relativehumidity.7.3.3.2 Within
31、a time frame of 5 min after removal from humidity chamber in the vertical use position apply DC voltage inaccordance with Table 1. Increase voltage at approximately 3 kV per second and hold for 3 min.7.3.3.3 Measure and record the leakage current.Aleakage in excess of 2 microamps per kBkV of test vo
32、ltage signifies a failure.7.3.4 The link shall be tested to verify that it has a water repellent surface.7.3.4.1 Immerse the entire link completely in a tank under tap water at room temperature for a minimum of 1 min.7.3.4.2 In the vertical use position allow to set for 2 min to allow water to run o
33、ff.7.3.4.3 Apply DC test voltage in accordance with Table 1 within a time frame of 5 min after wetting. Increase voltage atapproximately 3 kV per second and hold for 3 min.7.3.4.4 Measure and record the leakage current. A leakage in excess of 2 microamps per kV of test voltage signifies a failure.8.
34、 Manufacturer Proof Tests8.1 Mechanical Proof Test Procedure:8.1.1 Each unit manufactured shall be subjected to an appropriate tensile proof load based on its rated load (see Table 2) for60 s without permanent deformation.The load will be increased gradually in not less than 1 min.When requested, th
35、e manufacturershall supply certification of compliance by unit serial number to the purchaser.8.2 Electrical Proof Test Procedure:8.2.1 General test requirements are given in 6.2 6.6.8.2.2 An electrical proof test will be performed by the manufacturer on each insulating link before purchase.Acopy of
36、 the prooftest report will be kept on file by the manufacturer and made available to the customer upon request.8.2.3 Electrically test the insulating link under dry conditions, applying two times the rated link voltage.Test voltages for typicalvoltage ratings are listed in Table 1.8.2.4 Test current
37、 shall be no more than 3 mA and there shall be no sign of flashover or tracking.9. Field Care, Inspection and Maintenance9.1 Frequent Inspections:9.1.1 Insulating lifting links shall be inspected at frequent intervals.(a) Installation on lifting device when installed.(b) Daily before first use.9.1.2
38、 Frequent InspectionVisual inspections by the operator or other designated personnel.(a) Frequent inspections shall include observations during operation.(b) Links shall be inspected for distortion, cracks, nicks, gouges in the meal ends and damage to the insulating surface suchas cracks, nicks, or
39、punctures. A designated person shall determine whether conditions found during the inspection constitute aF2973 153hazard and whether more detailed inspections are required. Cracks and other visible surface damage whose depths reach the linkcore will be cause for rejection and the link shall be remo
40、ved from service and returned to the manufacturer for repair orreplacement.(c) In any condition that would moisten or wet the surface (dew, mist, rain, etc) links should be inspected for contaminationthat absorbs water over 20 % of the length of the link. Clean with a nonabrasive cleaner before retu
41、rning to service.(d) In any condition that would moisten or wet the surface (dew, mist, rain, etc.) links should be inspected for water repellingsurface. Apply water by spraying or pouring to ensure it beads up as in HC1HC2 of Fig. 2. If the surface wets or shows poorbeading pattern as in HC5 and HC
42、6 of Fig. 2, the link surface should be cleaned and waxed with a water repelling nonconductivecoating such as carnuba wax.9.2 Periodic Inspections:9.2.1 Insulating lifting links shall be inspected at periodic intervals.(a) A periodic inspection shall be performed annually.(b) A periodic inspection s
43、hall be performed when an extraordinary event occurs, such as a sudden release of load, abnormalimpact, lightning strike, vandalism, or any suspected occurrence of possible damage to the insulating link. The manufacturershould be consulted to aid in evaluation and determination if suitable for conti
44、nued use.TABLE 1 Test Voltages for Typical Voltage RatingsNOTE 1Insulating links manufactured with rated voltages other thanlisted can have their test voltages calculated by using the formulascontained in the tables. (AC 2)Acceptance currents are 3 mAmaximum.RatedLink Volt-age AC(RLV), kVLine toGrou
45、ndEquiva-lent RLV/squareroot of 3(1.732),kVTest Volt-age (AC)RLV 2AC Maxi-mumLeakagein milli-amps notto exceed3 mATest Volt-age DCkV AC 1.4DC Maxi-mumLeakage,in micro-amps25 15 30 3 mA 42 4235 20 40 3 mA 56 5650 29 58 3 mA 81 8169 40 80 3 mA 112 11275 43 86 3 mA 120 120125 72 144 3 mA 202 202175 101
46、 202 3 mA 283 283TABLE 1 Test Voltages for Typical Voltage RatingsNOTE 1Insulating links manufactured with rated voltages other thanlisted can have their test voltages calculated by using the formulascontained in the tables. (AC 2)Acceptance currents are 3 mAmaximum.RatedLink Volt-age AC(RLV), kVLin
47、e toGroundEquiva-lent RLV/squareroot of 3(1.732),kVTest Volt-age (AC)RLV 2AC Maxi-mumLeakagein milli-amps notto exceed3 mATest Volt-age DCkV AC 1.4DC Maxi-mumLeakage,in micro-amps25 15 30 3 mA 42 8435 20 40 3 mA 56 11250 29 58 3 mA 81 16269 40 80 3 mA 112 22475 43 86 3 mA 120 240125 72 144 3 mA 202
48、404175 101 202 3 mA 283 566TABLE 2 Tensile Proof Load Based on Its Rated Load forManufactured Unit in TonsRated Load Proof Test Load as % of Rated LoadBelow 54 tons 20067 tons 19390 tons 183112 tons 166135 tons 150136 tons and above 133F2973 1549.2.2 Periodic inspections are visual inspections of ap
49、parent external conditions by a designated person.9.2.2.1 The periodic inspection shall include a detailed inspection of items listed in 9.1.2, Frequent Inspection. When theinspection indicates there may be reason to suspect the electrical or mechanical integrity of the link it shall be mechanically andelectrically tested in accordance with Section 10 before return to service.9.3 Care and Maintenance:9.3.1 The link surface should be cleaned to remove any accumulations of dirt or contamination such as salt and dust particles.9.3.2 Links shoul
